Effect of Chinese policies on rare earth supply chain resilience

Mancheri, Nabeel A; Sprecher, Benjamin; Bailey, Gwendolyn; Ge, Jianping; Tukker, Arnold

doi:10.1016/j.resconrec.2018.11.017

Cited by 283 publications

(121 citation statements)

References 45 publications

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“…Disruptions in the context of climate change in terms of both slow onsets such as sea level rise and rapid disasters such as severe storms are common themes (Beheshtian et al 2017(Beheshtian et al , 2018Dubey et al 2019;Lim-Camacho et al 2017;Otto et al 2017). Beyond physical disruptions, Kwak et al (2018) analyze exchange rate risk as a disruption (2018) and Mancheri et al (2019) study the impact of Chinese policies relating to rare earth elements on supply chain resilience. None of the publications meeting the inclusion criteria for this review specifically model pandemics and subsequent supply chain network resilience.…”

Section: Modeling Disruptionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Trends and applications of resilience analytics in supply chain modeling: systematic literature review in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic

2020

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The increasingly global context in which businesses operate supports innovation, but also increases uncertainty around supply chain disruptions. The COVID-19 pandemic clearly shows the lack of resilience in supply chains and the impact that disruptions may have on a global network scale as individual supply chain connections and nodes fail. This cascading failure underscores the need for the network analysis and advanced resilience analytics we find lacking in the existing supply chain literature. This paper reviews supply chain resilience literature that focuses on resilience modeling and quantification and connects the supply chain to other networks, including transportation and command and control. We observe a fast increase in the number of relevant papers (only 47 relevant papers were published in 2007-2016, while 94 were found in 2017-2019). We observe that specific disruption scenarios are used to develop and test supply chain resilience models, while uncertainty associated with threats including consideration of "unknown unknowns" remains rare. Publications that utilize more advanced models often focus just on supply chain networks and exclude associated system components such as transportation and command and control (C2) networks, which creates a gap in the research that needs to be bridged. The common goal of supply chain modeling is to optimize efficiency and reduce costs, but trade-offs of efficiency and leanness with flexibility and resilience may not be fully addressed. We conclude that a comprehensive approach to network resilience quantification encompassing the supply chain in the context of other social and physical networks is needed to address the emerging challenges in the field. The connection to systemic threats, such as disease pandemics, is specifically discussed.

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Section: Modeling Disruptionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Trends and applications of resilience analytics in supply chain modeling: systematic literature review in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic

2020

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“…Rare earth elements, known as the vitamins of modern industry, are important non-recoverable strategic resources. Due to their unique properties, the global demand for rare earth elements and their compounds for use in many high-tech applications has dramatically increased [ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 ]. China is endowed with abundant rare earth mineral resources, but most of them are confined to low-end mixed rare earth products [ 5 , 6 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Preparation of a Novel Polystyrene-Poly(hydroxamic Acid) Copolymer and Its Adsorption Properties for Rare Earth Metal Ions

Cao

Wang

et al. 2020

Polymers

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In this study, a novel polystyrene-poly(hydroxamic acid) copolymer was synthesized as an effective adsorbent for the treatment of rare earth elements. Through the use of elemental analysis as well as FTIR, SEM, XPS, and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area measurement, the synthesized polymer was found to have a specific surface area of 111.4 m2·g−1. The adsorption performances of rare metal ions were investigated under different pH levels, contact times, initial concentrations of rare earth ions, and temperatures. The adsorption equilibrium for La3+, Ce3+, and Y3+ onto a polystyrene-poly(hydroxamic acid) copolymer is described by the Langmuir model, which confirms the applicability of monolayer coverage of rare earth ions onto a polystyrene-poly(hydroxamic acid) copolymer. The amount of adsorption capacities for La3+, Ce3+, and Y3+ reached 1.27, 1.53, and 1.83 mmol·g−1 within four hours, respectively. The adsorption process was controlled by liquid film diffusion, particle diffusion, and chemical reaction simultaneously. The thermodynamic parameters, including the change of Gibbs free energy (∆G), the change of enthalpy (∆H), and the change of entropy (∆S), were determined. The results indicate that the adsorption of resins for La3+, Ce3+ and Y3+ was spontaneous and endothermic. The polymer was also used as a recyclable adsorbent by the desorption experiment.

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“…Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machines (PMSMs) have been traditionally considered as appropriate candidates for EVs and, specially, for HEVs applications, due to a number of features such as high power density, high efficiency and reliability [1]- [3]. However, these technologies require high density magnetic materials to produce the rotor flux [4], usually sintered neodymium-ironboron (NdFeB) alloys, and other rare-earth materials, such as dysprosium (Dy), leading to high price risk of depletion and resource monopoly issues [5], [6]. All this makes it necessary to address rare-earth free alternatives.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Methodology to Determine the Effect of a Novel Modulation in the Reliability of an Automotive DC-Link Capacitor

et al. 2020

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Switched Reluctance Machines (SRM) are considered promising rare-earth free candidates for the next generation electrified vehicles. One of the main drawback of this technology is the need of a large DC-link capacitor to balance the energy transferred back and forth between the DC source and the SRM. There are interesting novel modulations to reduce the current of the DC bus, focused on the capacitor size and cost reduction but leaving aside the thermal analysis and lifetime improvements. Carrying out the required dynamic multi-physics simulations for that purpose becomes highly time consuming and complex, especially when standardized or real driving conditions are needed to be taken into account. This paper proposes a simulation methodology, simple to implement and with a relatively low computational cost, to estimate the lifetime of an automotive DC-link capacitor, with the current load it delivers as the starting point. The presented methodology has also been used to validate a novel SRM modulation technique and to compare it, in terms of reliability, with the conventional torque sharing function.

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Effect of Chinese policies on rare earth supply chain resilience

Cited by 283 publications

References 45 publications

Trends and applications of resilience analytics in supply chain modeling: systematic literature review in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic

Trends and applications of resilience analytics in supply chain modeling: systematic literature review in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic

Preparation of a Novel Polystyrene-Poly(hydroxamic Acid) Copolymer and Its Adsorption Properties for Rare Earth Metal Ions

A Methodology to Determine the Effect of a Novel Modulation in the Reliability of an Automotive DC-Link Capacitor

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