Effect of Chitosan, Chitosan Nanoparticle, Anacyclus pyrethrum and Cyperus rotundus in Combating Plasmid Mediated Resistance in Periodontitis

Abstract

Background: Chitosan, chitosan nanoparticle, ethanolic extracts of Anacyclus pyrethrum root and Cyperus rotundus rhizome were evaluated against plasmid mediated multidrug resistance of Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus sp. isolated from unstimulated saliva of chronic periodontitis. The main aim of the current study centres the reduction of antibiotic consumption and the development of natural compounds to combat multidrug resistance. Methods: Identification of bacteria, antimicrobial susceptibility, plasmid stability and plasmid curing was carried out for the characterization of resistance plasmids. Results: E. faecalis showed 89% of sensitivity to chitosan nanoparticle, chitosan 81%, C. Rotundus 69% and A. pyrethrum 62% for S. aureus, with the MIC >100 µg/ml. In comparison with the antimicrobials tested, maximum resistance to tetracycline (89%) for E. faecalis, is followed by ampicillin (87%) and tetracycline (81%) for S. aureus. Meanwhile, chloramphenicol and tetracycline (80%) for Bacillus sp. The plasmid stability for E. faecalis (20%), S. aureus (<4%) and Bacillus sp. (16%). The order of stability corresponding to the broth media is LB ˃ BHI ˃ nutrient for E. faecalis, S. aureus but similar in LB and nutrient broth for bacillus sp. The maximum plasmid curing efficiency of chitosan for S. aureus (76%), Chitosan nanoparticle for E. faecalis (88%), A. pyrethrum for S. aureus (73%), C. rotundus for E. faecalis (87%). The order of plasmid curing efficiency is chitosan nanoparticle>C. rotundus>chitosan>A. pyrethrum. Conclusion: Chitosan, Chitosan nanoparticle, C. rotundus, and A. pyrethrum offered a greater potential in eliminating plasmid mediated resistance acquired by periodontal pathogens, thus addressing this crisis in dentistry.

Polysaccharide-Based Drug Delivery Systems for the Treatment of Periodontitis

“…CS is one of the most used polysaccharides for the preparation of nanoparticles, having the advantage of an intrinsic antibacterial activity [ 91 ]. It is often used in combination with alginates [ 100 , 101 ] or with PLGA [ 103 , 104 , 105 ], associated with the collagen matrix [ 97 ], in the form of derivatives [ 97 , 98 ] or biocomposites.…”

An Overview of Chitosan and Its Role in Periodontics

“…Chitosan in its gel form and hydrogel base used along with toothpastes, mouthwashes, and chewing gums exhibits antimicrobial property in reducing microorganisms in the oral cavity. According to Subbiah et al .,[ 13 ] the antiplasmid effect of chitosan nanoparticle inhibits Cyperus rotundus and Anacyclus pyrethrum . Costa et al .…”

Drug Delivery Systems Based on Polysaccharides

“…Table 2 briefly presents a series of results reported in the abundant literature of the last 3-4 years that illustrate different nanoparticle systems carrying drugs or other active principles with applicability in the treatment of periodontal disease. CS is one of the most used polysaccharides for the preparation of nanoparticles, having the advantage of an intrinsic antibacterial activity [91]. It is often used in combination with alginates [100,101] or with PLGA [103][104][105], associated with the collagen matrix [97], in the form of derivatives [97,98] or biocomposites.…”