Effect of chronic supplementation with shark liver oil on immune responses of exercise-trained rats

Abstract

Previous studies have reported that chronic supplementation with shark liver oil (SLO) improves immune response of lymphocyte, macrophage and neutrophil in animal models and humans. In a similar manner, exercise training also stimulates the immune system. However, we are not aware of any study about the association of exercise and SLO supplementation on immune response. Thus, our main goal was to investigate the effect of chronic supplementation with SLO on immune responses of exercise-trained rats. Male Wistar rats were divided into four groups: sedentary with no supplementation (SED, n = 20), sedentary with SLO supplementation (SEDslo, n = 20), exercised (EX, n = 17) and exercised supplemented with SLO (EXslo, n = 19). Rats swam for 6 weeks, 1.5 h/day, in water at 32 +/- 1 degrees C, with a load of 6.0% body weight attached to the thorax of rat. Animals were killed 48 h after the last exercise session. SLO supplementation did not change phagocytosis, lysosomal volume, superoxide anion and hydrogen peroxide production by peritoneal macrophages and blood neutrophils. Thymus and spleen lymphocyte proliferation were significantly higher in SEDslo, EX, and EXslo groups compared with SED group (P < 0.05). Gut-associated lymphocyte proliferation, on the other hand, was similar between the four experimental groups. Our findings show that SLO and EX indeed are able to increase lymphocyte proliferation, but their association did not induce further stimulation in the adaptive immune response and also did not modify innate immunity.

Acute exercise boosts cell proliferation and the heat shock response in lymphocytes: correlation with cytokine production and extracellular-to-intracellular HSP70 ratio

“…Therefore, in the present study, we investigated, in the rat model, whether acute exercise bouts of different intensities could influence the HS response of lymphocytes, which are a main source of both eHSP70 and iHSP70 under stressful situations (Hunter-Lavin et al 2004;Ireland et al 2007). It is of note that, although circulating leukocytes should be mostly affected by the changes imposed by exercise, as these cells are directly Bstressed^by turbulent blood flow and hormonal alterations during exercise bouts, we chose mesenteric lymph nodes to be studied because lymphocytes obtained from different secondary lymphoid organs present basal and mitogenstimulated proliferative responses to exercise that greatly differ between diverse sources (Vitorino et al 2010), and this has never been investigated in relation to the HS response.…”

Tolerability and Safety of a Nutritional Supplement with Potential as Adjuvant in Colorectal Cancer Therapy: A Randomized Trial in Healthy Volunteers

“…The molecular signaling mediated by TLR3 involves STAT3 inducing a Th1 type immune response and a MθM1 polarization of the CD56 − CD4 + CD14 + population. Although there are controversial results regardless the role of AKG or shark oil containing AKG in the promotion [27] or not [28] of a MθM1 phenotype, our results seem to indicate that the combination of RE with AKG could contribute to a more balanced M1/M2 of the Mθ population [29]. These effects could involve the induction of IFN-γ production from naive and activated T and NK cells, enhancing the cytotoxic activity of NK cells and cytotoxic T lymphocytes (Figure 3) favoring host defense and protection.…”

Lifestyle and Aging Effects in the Development of Insulin Resistance — Activating the Muscle as Strategy Against Insulin Resistance by Modulating Cytokines and HSP70

“…Thus, chronic moderate exercise improves immune functions [43] by the induction of an antiinflammatory environment with each bout of exercise promoted. The IL-6 is expressed in high amounts in active muscle and is the first cytokine released into the circulation during exercise, followed by increased anti-inflammatory cytokines as IL-10 [44,45].…”