Effect of Cigar Smoking on the Risk of Cardiovascular Disease, Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, and Cancer in Men

Iribarren, Carlos; Tekawa, Irene S.; Sidney, Stephen; Friedman, Gary D.

doi:10.1056/nejm199906103402301

Cited by 221 publications

(107 citation statements)

References 36 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…Increased pancreatic cancer risk has been reported for cigar smokers in some prospective (2,3,8,9) and retrospective studies (10 -12) but not all (13,14). Most studies with positive findings presented risks for smoking only cigars, whereas most negative studies included cigarette smokers in their analyses or did not report the effects of smoking only cigars.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Smokeless and Other Noncigarette Tobacco Use and Pancreatic Cancer

Alguacil

Silverman

2004

Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers &Amp; Prevention

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Cigarette smoking is an important and well-established cause of pancreatic cancer. In contrast, little is known about the effects of smoking cigars, pipes, and use of smokeless tobacco on pancreatic cancer risk. The objective of the present study was to examine the association between noncigarette tobacco use (i.e., cigars, pipes, smokeless tobacco) and pancreatic cancer risk among nonsmokers of cigarettes. A population-based case-control study of pancreatic cancer was conducted during 1986 -1989 among residents of Atlanta, Georgia, Detroit, Michigan,, and 10 counties in New Jersey. Direct interviews were successfully completed with 526 newly diagnosed pancreatic cancer patients and 2153 controls ages 30 -79 years. This analysis was restricted to lifelong nonsmokers of cigarettes and based on interviews with 154 cases newly diagnosed with carcinoma of the exocrine pancreas and 844 population controls who reported no history of cigarette smoking. We observed a consistent pattern of increased risk associated with cigar smoking, although these elevations were not statistically significant. Participants who smoked cigars regularly (i.e., at least one cigar/week for >6 months) experienced a 70% increased risk [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.9 -3.3], and those who never used other form of tobacco had a 90% increased risk (95% CI: 0.8 -4.3). Risk was elevated among those who smoked more than one cigar/day [odds ratio (OR) ‫؍‬ 1.8; 95% CI: 0.8 -4.2) and among those who smoked cigars > 20 years (OR ‫؍‬ 1.9; 95% CI: 0.9 -3.9). Trends in risk with increasing amount and duration smoked were consistent but not statistically significant (P ‫؍‬ 0.17 and P ‫؍‬ 0.16, respectively). Subjects who used smokeless tobacco regularly had a 40% increased risk of pancreatic cancer (95% CI: 0.5-3.6) compared with nonusers of tobacco. We observed a marginally significant increasing risk with increased use of smokeless tobacco (P ‫؍‬ 0.04); participants who used >2.5 oz of smokeless tobacco a week had an OR of 3.5 (95% CI: 1.1-11). Long-term use of smokeless tobacco (i.e., >20 years) was also associated with a nonsignificant increased risk (OR ‫؍‬ 1.5; 95% CI: 0.6 -4.0). In contrast, pipe smokers experienced no increased risk (OR ‫؍‬ 0.6; 95% CI: 0.1-2.8). Our results suggest that heavy use of smokeless tobacco, and to a lesser extent, cigar smoking may increase the risk of pancreatic cancer among nonsmokers of cigarettes.

show abstract

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Smokeless and Other Noncigarette Tobacco Use and Pancreatic Cancer

Alguacil

Silverman

2004

Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers &Amp; Prevention

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…11 It has been reported that regular smoking can increase the risk not only of NCD s, but also of many other health haz ards. 12 High consumption of alcohol and ex posure of cigarette smoking may directly causes cirrhosis of the liver, cancer of the mouth, pharynx , pancreas and oesophageal cancer. 13 U nhealthy diets and physical inactivity are two of the main risk factors for raised blood pressure, raised blood glucose, abnormal blood lipids, overweight/obesity, and for the major NCD s such as cardiovascular diseases, cancer, and diabetes.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Behavioural risk factors of non-communicable diseases among adolescents

Adhikari¹,

Adak²

2013

Journal of Institute of Medicine

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Introduction: Cardiovascular and other chronic diseases are becoming the major causes of morbidity and mortality in most of the third world countries, including Nepal. U nhealthy diet, physical inactivity and consumption of tobacco, alcohol, drugs etc. are major global determinants of non-communicable diseases and contribute to the ex cess death and disability among the poor in terms of mortality. This study was done to estimate the prevalence of behavioral risk factors of NCD s among adolescent.

show abstract

“…P athogenic aerosols play a major role in causing or exacerbating many pulmonary diseases such as lung cancer, bronchitis, emphysema, and asthma (1)(2)(3)(4) and in spreading infectious diseases such as influenza, anthrax, and tuberculosis (5)(6)(7)(8). The long-term effects of particulate air pollution on public health are striking; they have been shown to be equivalent to a shortening of life expectancy of approximately 2 years in the United States (9,10).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Chaotic mixing deep in the lung

Tsuda

Rogers

Hydon

et al. 2002

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

114

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Our current understanding of the transport and deposition of aerosols (viruses, bacteria, air pollutants, aerosolized drugs) deep in the lung has been grounded in dispersive theories based on untested assumptions about the nature of acinar airflow fields. Traditionally, these have been taken to be simple and kinematically reversible. In this article, we apply the recently discovered fluid mechanical phenomenon of irreversible low-Reynolds number flow to the lung. We demonstrate, through flow visualization studies in rhythmically ventilated rat lungs, that such a foundation is false, and that chaotic mixing may be key to aerosol transport. We found substantial alveolar flow irreversibility with stretched and folded fractal patterns, which lead to a sudden increase in mixing. These findings support our theory that chaotic alveolar flow-characterized by stagnation saddle points associated with alveolar vortices-governs gas kinematics in the lung periphery, and hence the transport, mixing, and ultimately the deposition of fine aerosols. This mechanism calls for a rethinking of the relationship of exposure and deposition of fine inhaled particles.P athogenic aerosols play a major role in causing or exacerbating many pulmonary diseases such as lung cancer, bronchitis, emphysema, and asthma (1-4) and in spreading infectious diseases such as influenza, anthrax, and tuberculosis (5-8). The long-term effects of particulate air pollution on public health are striking; they have been shown to be equivalent to a shortening of life expectancy of approximately 2 years in the United States (9, 10). The magnitude of this effect is comparable to the deaths caused by all cancers (11). Fine particles-less than a few micrometers in diameter-are of great concern because they can penetrate deep into the pulmonary acinus (i.e., the gas exchange region of the lung). The critical factor that determines the fate of inhaled fine particles-whether deposited deep in the lung or exhaled in the next breath-is the kinematic interaction of inhaled and residual alveolar gas, but the underlying mechanism of this interaction is still not well understood.Because gas flow in the alveolar region occurs at very low Reynolds number (12) and the wall motion of the lung during breathing is essentially reversible (13-16), it has long been assumed that flow patterns deep in the lung are well described as a kinematically reversible Stokes flow (17-21). This means that, apart from the effects of molecular diffusion, a fluid ''particle'' that is transported by Stokes flow returns [by reversing the flow (22)] to its original position at the completion of one breathing cycle. This assumption implies that there is negligible flow-induced mixing between inhaled particles and the alveolar residual gas (17-21) and consequently little deposition of fine particles (18, 21). Experimental studies, however, consistently demonstrate appreciable aerosol mixing (23, 24) and deposition (25) deep in the lung, which cannot be accounted for by any known mechanism such as inerti...

show abstract

Effect of Cigar Smoking on the Risk of Cardiovascular Disease, Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, and Cancer in Men

Cited by 221 publications

References 36 publications

Smokeless and Other Noncigarette Tobacco Use and Pancreatic Cancer

Smokeless and Other Noncigarette Tobacco Use and Pancreatic Cancer

Behavioural risk factors of non-communicable diseases among adolescents

Chaotic mixing deep in the lung

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About