Effect of Cigarette Smoking on Gastropharyngeal and Gastroesophageal Reflux

Smit, Conrad F.; Copper, Marcel P.; Schoots, Ivo G.; Leeuwen, Justin A. M. J. van; Stanojcic, Laki D.

doi:10.1177/000348940111000216

Cited by 64 publications

(44 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…The accuracy of a diagnosis of colic would be enhanced with information on competing diagnoses, the most prevalent of which is probably reflux; this is both because some reflux symptoms overlap with those of colic and because the incidence of reflux is linked to exposure to tobacco smoke. [4][5][6] Reflux can be diagnosed with a readily available instrument. 66 …”

Section: Diagnosis Of Colicmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…There is evidence linking exposure to tobacco smoke with a number of GI dysfunctions, including gastroesophageal reflux, esophagitis, and infantile colic (IC). [3][4][5][6][7][8] This evidence is most well developed for IC; therefore, we focus on the link between maternal smoking and IC and on the evidence suggesting physiologic plausibility of the proposed link between maternal smoking and IC.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Maternal Smoking and Infantile Gastrointestinal Dysregulation: The Case of Colic

Shenassa¹,

Brown

2004

Pediatrics

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ABSTRACT. Background. Infants' healthy growth and development are predicated, in part, on regular functioning of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. In the first 6 months of life, infants typically double their birth weights. During this period of intense growth, the GI tract needs to be highly active and to function optimally. Identifying modifiable causes of GI tract dysregulation is important for understanding the pathophysiologic processes of such dysregulation, for identifying effective and efficient interventions, and for developing early prevention and health promotion strategies. One such modifiable cause seems to be maternal smoking, both during and after pregnancy.Purpose. This article brings together information that strongly suggests that infants' exposure to tobacco smoke is linked to elevated blood motilin levels, which in turn are linked to an increased risk of GI dysregulation, including colic and acid reflux. We base this hypothesis on evidence supporting a link between maternal smoking and infantile colic (IC) and on additional evidence proposing increased motilin release, attributable to exposure to tobacco smoke and its metabolites, as a physiologic mechanism linking maternal smoking with infantile GI dysregulation.Methods. We critically review and synthesize epidemiologic, physiologic, and biological evidence pertaining to smoking and colic, smoking and motilin levels, and motilin and colic.Results. Six studies have investigated the link between maternal smoking and IC, but IC was defined according to Wessel's rule of threes (crying for >3 hours per day, >3 days per week, for >3 weeks) in only 1 of these studies. The remaining studies used definitions that ranged from less-stringent variations of Wessel's criteria to definitions that would suggest excessive crying but not necessarily colic. Results from 5 of these studies suggest that there is an independent association between maternal smoking and excessive crying, as well as IC. Recent studies of the GI system provide strong, but indirect, corroborating evidence suggesting physiologic pathways through which maternal smoking can be linked to IC. This physiologic evidence can be outlined as follows: (1) smoking is linked to increased plasma and intestinal motilin levels and (2) higher-than-average levels of motilin are linked to elevated risks of IC. Although these findings from disparate fields suggest a physiologic mechanism linking maternal smoking with IC, the entire chain of events has not been examined in a single cohort. A prospective study, begun in pregnancy and continuing through the first 4 months of life, could provide definitive evidence linking these disparate lines of research. Key points for such a study are considered.Conclusions. New epidemiologic evidence suggests that exposure to cigarette smoke and its metabolites may be linked to IC. Moreover, studies of the GI system provide corroborating evidence that suggests that (1) smoking is linked to increased plasma and intestinal motilin levels and (2) higher-than-average intesti...

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Section: Diagnosis Of Colicmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Maternal Smoking and Infantile Gastrointestinal Dysregulation: The Case of Colic

Shenassa¹,

Brown

2004

Pediatrics

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“…It also induces the release of mediators as well as hormones that affect the structural integrity of the epithelium and mucosa [9,10]. Furthermore, reducing LES pressure may result in symptom generation of GERD [11]. Kahrilas PJ et al described that the mechanisms of acid reflux during cigarette smoking were mainly dependent on the coexistence of diminished LES pressure and the majority of acid reflux occurred with coughing or deep inspiration during which abrupt increases in intra-abdominal pressure overpowered a feeble sphincter rather than transient LES relaxation [12].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Hence, it seems that even a heavy smoker wo of reflux symptoms [3,11,12]. Quit smokin improvement of GERD symptoms.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Quit smoking improves gastroesophageal reflux symptoms and quality of life

Nakajima¹,

Nagahara²,

Kurosawa³

et al. 2011

Health

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Background: Smoking is considered to be risk factors of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). The present study aimed to reveal whether quit smoking improves GERD symptoms and QOL of patients. Methods: In this prospective study, 33 patients who participated in a 12-week quit smoking program filled out the Frequency Scale for the Symptoms of GERD (FSSG) questionnaire, and SF8 QOL questionnaire. Patients filled out the questionnaires at baseline and during the program at 2 weeks, 4 weeks, 8 weeks and 12 weeks. In the FSSG, the responses were scored and the reflux score (RS), dysmotility score (DS) and total score (TS) were calculated. Results: There were 22 males and 11 females. Their mean age was 54.8 ± 13.0 (mean ± SD) yr, BMI was 22.9 ± 4.0, and duration of smoking was 33.5 ± 12.5 years. Ten patients belonged to GERD subgroup (baselineFSSGscore ≥ 8). All patients were successful at quit smoking. Scores of TS/RS/DS are 8.6 ± 1.8 (mean ± SE)/4.2 ± 0.9/4.5 ± 0.9 at baseline, 4

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“…Heartburn [48] and acid regurgitation from the stomach [49]; ulcerations of the lower oesophagus [50].…”

Section: Gastrooesophageal Reflux Diseasementioning

confidence: 99%