Effect of Cigarette Smoking on Periodontal Status of Diabetic Patients

Abstract

Background: Periodontitis is an inflammatory disease of the tooth-supporting structures that can lead to periodontal destruction and tooth loss. It is also a common complication of diabetes mellitus (DM) and tobacco smoking. In this regard, this study aimed to assess the effect of smoking on periodontal disease in diabetic patients. Methods: This case-control study was conducted on 80 diabetic patients who were referred to the clinics of the Department of Periodontics of Ardabil University of Medical Sciences from October 2015 to April 2016. Participants were enrolled in this study in four groups (n=20). Groups 1 and 2 included smoker diabetic patients and 20 non-smoker diabetics, respectively. In addition, groups 3 and 4 served as the control groups and included healthy smoker and non-smoker individuals, respectively. The plaque index (PI), clinical probing depth (CPD), clinical attachment level (CAL), and bleeding on probing (BOP) were measured in the four groups. Results: The four groups were significantly different regarding the PI and CPD (P<0.05). The mean PI was higher in group 1 compared to groups 2 and 3. The highest mean CAL was recorded in group 1. Finally, non-diabetic smokers experienced the lowest mean BOP compared with other groups. Conclusion: DM and tobacco smoking are the known major risk factors for periodontal disease, and the interaction effect of the two factors can aggravate the periodontal status in diabetic patients. Thus, dentists can take an important step in the healthcare system by encouraging their patients to control their DM and quit smoking.

Prevalence and Associated Factors for Periodontal Disease among Type I and II Diabetes Mellitus Patients: A Cross-Sectional Study

“…It may be explained by the systemic and local effects of smoking on periodontal tissues. Our result agrees with the results of two studies in India [ 2 , 9 ], along with others in Iraq [ 6 ], Korea [ 7 ], Nepal [ 8 ], Lithuania [ 10 ], Iran [ 11 ], Hungary [ 17 ], Serbia [ 20 ], and Saudi Arabia [ 21 ].…”

“…However, smoking is an associated factor for the prevalence of periodontitis, which may be because of the systemic and local effects of smoking on periodontal tissues. Our result agrees with the results of studies in India [ 2 ], Iraq [ 6 ], Korea [ 7 ], Serbia [ 9 ], Iran [ 11 ], and Hungary [ 17 ]. However, it disagrees with other studies in Lithuania [ 10 ].…”

“…Other studies showed that periodontitis prevalence among DM is associated with sex [ 1 , 6 , 8 ]. Similarly, other studies revealed a significant association between smoking and the prevalence of periodontitis [ 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 ]. Other studies [ 7 , 10 , 12 ] reported the association between HbA1c level and prevalence of periodontitis.…”