Effect of citric acid on formation of oxides of Cu and Zn in modified sol-gel process: A comparative study

Abstract

We report here the influence of citric acid concentration on the formation of sol-gel products in each of Cu and Zn systems by using respective metal nitrate as precursor and citric acid as gelling agent. The synthesized sol-gel products were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX), Fourier transform infra-red (FT-IR) spectroscopy and UV-Visible diffused reflectance spectroscopy (UV-Vis DRS). The influence of citric acid concentration on the formation of metal/metal oxide in each case was primarily investigated by varying the molar ratio of each metal nitrate (N) and citric (C) acid (N:

Ce0.9Zr0.1O2Mixed Oxide Prepared by the Citrate Route: Impact of Synthesis Conditions on Physicochemical and Redox Properties

“…However, a small increase of the crystallite size with the initial increment of CA/M is noticeable followed by a drop with a large excess of citric acid, becoming this tendency more evident when the samples are calcined at 1000 °C. Some authors reported the increment in crystallite size with the increase in citric acid, while others observed the opposite tendency , . The observations of these researchers, apparently contradictory, are in agreement with our results and could be explained due to the effect of the excess of citric acid on both gel self‐combustion temperature and time.…”

Boosting the Bifunctional Oxygen Electrode Activity of Nitrogen-decorated Carbon Networks via Ni/NiO Addition for Li-Air and Zn-Air Batteries

“…The peaks present at 456, 712 and 1575 cm −1 represent the presence of Ni-O, C-C and C-H bonds, respectively. 25 According to the following carbothermal reaction, some Ni 2+ appeared to be reduced to elemental Ni in the presence of carbon: 27,28 2 1 2 peak that was observed at binding energy 872.5 eV. 29 The other peak seen at 854 eV in connection with a satellite peak of 860.9 eV, corresponds to the Ni p 2 3 2 spin-orbit levels of NiO.…”

Variation of citrate to metal cation ratio for dense and phase pure BaZrO3 via autocombustion synthesis

“…A preliminary investigation of the sintering process was done in this work but no details on microstructral evolution or density were given. Many oxides like SrFeO$$_{\sim 2.85}$$, CuO, ZnO, and so on have been made using a citric acid‐assisted modified Pechini method, 22,23 where the nitrates have been used as precursor and concentration of the citric acid varied 23 …”

“…21 A preliminary investigation of the sintering process was done in this work but no details on microstructral evolution or density were given. Many oxides like SrFeO ∼2.85 , CuO, ZnO, and so on have been made using a citric acid-assisted modified Pechini method, 22,23 where the nitrates have been used as precursor and concentration of the citric acid varied. 23 In the sol-gel method of combustion synthesis, the phase purity of the combustion product as well as the combustion behavior are predominantly determined by the stoichiometry (oxygen balance) between oxidizing and reducing agents.…”

“…Many oxides like SrFeO ∼2.85 , CuO, ZnO, and so on have been made using a citric acid-assisted modified Pechini method, 22,23 where the nitrates have been used as precursor and concentration of the citric acid varied. 23 In the sol-gel method of combustion synthesis, the phase purity of the combustion product as well as the combustion behavior are predominantly determined by the stoichiometry (oxygen balance) between oxidizing and reducing agents. 13,[24][25][26] Stoichiometric redox mixture results in fast combustion producing intense flame 13 and highly phase pure combustion product with good characteristics.…”