Effect of climatic variability on malaria trends in Baringo County, Kenya

Kipruto, Edwin K.; Ochieng, Alfred O.; Anyona, Douglas N.; Mbalanya, Macrae; Mutua, E.; Onguru, Daniel; Nyamongo, Isaac K.; Estambale, Benson B.

doi:10.1186/s12936-017-1848-2

Cited by 52 publications

(47 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…Reproduction of P. vivax in mosquitoes takes 55 days at temperatures of 16 °C, 29 days at 18 °C, and only 7 days at 28 °C . In Baringo County, Kenya, between 2000 and 2014, higher rainfall at a lag of 2 months resulted in increased malaria transmission across all four climate zones . The same 2 months lag time was found in another study in South Africa .…”

Section: Climate Change and Infectious Diseasessupporting

confidence: 64%

The effects of climate change on human health in Africa, a dermatologic perspective: a report from the International Society of Dermatology Climate Change Committee

et al. 2020

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Throughout much of the African continent, healthcare systems are already strained in their efforts to meet the needs of a growing population using limited resources. Climate change threatens to undermine many of the public health gains that have been made in this region in the last several decades via multiple mechanisms, including malnutrition secondary to drought-induced food insecurity, mass human displacement from newly uninhabitable areas, exacerbation of environmentally sensitive chronic diseases, and enhanced viability of pathogenic microbes and their vectors. We reviewed the literature describing the various direct and indirect effects of climate change on diseases with cutaneous manifestations in Africa. We included non-communicable diseases such as malignancies (non-melanoma skin cancers), inflammatory dermatoses (i.e. photosensitive dermatoses, atopic dermatitis), and trauma (skin injury), as well as communicable diseases and neglected tropical diseases. Physicians should be aware of the ways in which climate change threatens human health in low-and middle-income countries in general, and particularly in countries throughout Africa, the world's lowest-income and second most populous continent.The African continent has the lowest gross domestic product (GDP) per capita and accounts for less than 4% of global greenhouse gas emissions. 2 In sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), where the socioeconomic conditions are strongly linked to the climatic conditions, loss of healthy life years as a result of climate change is predicted to be up to 500 times greater than in Europe. 3 By 2020, 85-250 million Africans are projected to experience increased water stress as a result of climate change, and crop yields from rain-fed agriculture may decrease by up to 50%. 4 Since 30-40% of Africa's GDP and about three quarters of its population rely on agricultural production as a primary income source, the economic consequences of this could be devastating. 2Given that most of the continent is in the tropical climate zone, sea level rise is expected to be higher than average, and there are at least three African coastal cities with populations over 8 million that may be severely affected. 2 According to the World Bank, as of 2019, the combination of erosion, flooding, and pollution have led to losses of over 3.8 billion United States Dollars (USD) annually, or 5.3% of the combined GDP of Benin, Côte d'Ivoire, Senegal, and Togo, four countries along the West African Coast. 5 African nations will be forced to continue their development under these constraints, and at a high cost; the United Nations (U.N.) estimates climate change adaptation costs to Africa of ª

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Section: Climate Change and Infectious Diseasessupporting

confidence: 64%

The effects of climate change on human health in Africa, a dermatologic perspective: a report from the International Society of Dermatology Climate Change Committee

et al. 2020

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“…We observed peak numbers of malaria cases in August, 3 months after the end of the rainy season, when temperatures increase to moderate levels. The clustering of malaria cases 2 to 3 months after periods of increased rainfall has been reported previously [22,23].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 66%

Diagnoses made in an Emergency Department in rural sub-Saharan Africa

et al. 2019

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BACKGROUND: Information on diagnoses made in emergency departments situated in rural sub-Saharan Africa is scarce. The aim was: to evaluate the frequency of different diagnoses made in a new emergency department to define relevant healthcare requirements; and to find out if in-hospital mortality rates would decrease after the implementation of the emergency department.METHODS: In this observational study, we prospectively collated diagnoses of all patients presenting to the emergency department of the St Francis Referral Hospital in Ifakara, Tanzania during 1 year. In addition, we compared in-hospital mortality rates before and after the implementation of the emergency department.RESULTS: From July 2016 through to June 2017, a total of 35,903 patients were included. The median age was 33.6 years (range 1 day to 100 years), 57% were female, 25% were children <5 years, 4% were pregnant and 9% were hospitalised. The most common diagnoses were respiratory tract infection (12.6%), urinary tract infection (11.4%), trauma (9.8%), undifferentiated febrile illness (5.4%), and malaria (5.2%). The most common clinical diagnoses per age group were: lower respiratory tract infection (16.1%) in children <5 years old; trauma (21.6%) in 5-to 17-year-olds; urinary tract infection (13.5%) in 18-to 50-year-olds; and hypertensive emergency (12.4%) in >50-year-olds. Respiratory tract infections peaked in April during the rainy season, whereas malaria peaked 3 months after the rainy season. In-hospital mortality rates did not decrease during the study period (5.6% in 2015 vs 7.6% in 2017).CONCLUSIONS: The majority of diagnosed disorders were of infectious or traumatic origin. The majority of febrile illnesses were poorly defined because of the lack of diagnostic methods. Trauma systems and inexpensive accurate diagnostic methods for febrile illnesses are needed in rural sub-Saharan Africa.

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“…gambiae density and a 2-month lag in rainfall peak (Kristan et al, 2008). Similarly, a recent study in Baringo County reported a 2-month lag between increased malaria cases and rainfall across the four ecological zones (Kipruto et al, 2017).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Malaria Vector Species Distribution and Seasonal Population Dynamics across Varied Ecological Zones in Baringo County, Kenya

Ondiba

Oyieke²,

Ochieng³

et al. 2017

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Vector populations fluctuate on a seasonal basis annually. Knowledge on seasonal abundance and distribution of vector species at the local level would improve vector control programmes and contribute to malaria prevention. Despite this, information on malaria vector species distribution and seasonal fluctuations in Baringo County is scarce. This study examined distribution and seasonal abundance of malaria vector species in Baringo. The study area was stratified into four ecological zones namely; lowland, riverine, midland and highland. Monthly collection of outdoor and indoor mosquitoes was conducted between June 2015 and May 2016 using CDC light traps and pyrethrum spray collection respectively. A total of 6,113 anopheline mosquitoes belonging to four species were collected across the four ecological zones. Anopheles gambiae was the most abundant malaria vector species accounting for (93.8%) while An. pharoensis and An. funestus accounted for 4.8% and 1.1% respectively. Mosquitoes were mainly collected from lowlands (79.8%) and riverine (19.0%) zones. Malaria vector abundance was higher in the dry season compared to the rainy season. Anopheles gambiae abundance showed high positive correlation with rainfall in the riverine zone only (r=0.7). Knowledge gained from this study, on malaria vector species distribution and seasonal abundance at local level, is important in implementation of control strategies against malaria by the Baringo County Health Department. The findings highlight the seasons when malaria cases are likely to be higher due to vector abundance and also inform specific areas to target for intervention.

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Effect of climatic variability on malaria trends in Baringo County, Kenya

Cited by 52 publications

References 40 publications

The effects of climate change on human health in Africa, a dermatologic perspective: a report from the International Society of Dermatology Climate Change Committee

The effects of climate change on human health in Africa, a dermatologic perspective: a report from the International Society of Dermatology Climate Change Committee

Diagnoses made in an Emergency Department in rural sub-Saharan Africa

Malaria Vector Species Distribution and Seasonal Population Dynamics across Varied Ecological Zones in Baringo County, Kenya

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