Effect of Cocaine Administration on Halothane MAC in Dogs

Stoelting, Robert K.; Creasser, Charles W.; Martz, Robert

doi:10.1213/00000539-197507000-00003

Cited by 41 publications

(4 citation statements)

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“…For example, drugs that increase catecholamine release in the CNS, such as cocaine, increase MAC during acute intoxication . Canine studies demonstrated a dose‐dependent increase of MAC for halothane following acute cocaine administration . In contrast, chronic cocaine exposure is associated with a decrease in MAC for isoflurane .…”

Section: Factors That Affect Macsupporting

confidence: 74%

Minimum alveolar concentration: ongoing relevance and clinical utility

2013

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SummarySince its introduction in 1965, minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) has served as the standard measure of potency for volatile anaesthetic agents. It is defined as the minimum alveolar concentration of inhaled anaesthetic at which 50% of people do not move in response to a noxious stimulus. Within the last 20 years, it has been discovered that volatile anaesthetics inhibit mobility largely through action on the spinal cord, whereas the amnesic and hypnotic effects are mediated by the brain. Studies suggest that the concentration of volatile anaesthetic needed to prevent explicit memory from developing, and to produce unconsciousness, is usually substantially lower than the concentration required to prevent movement in response to surgery. This review highlights the contributions and limitations of MAC and its derivatives as metrics of anaesthetic potency with respect to particular behavioural outcomes. Recent evidence is presented suggesting that a protocol that alerts anaesthetists whenever MAC falls to < 0.5 or 0.7 has the potential to decrease intra-operative awareness with explicit recall, possibly to a similar extent as does a protocol based on processed electroencephalography-driven alerting.

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Section: Factors That Affect Macsupporting

confidence: 74%

Minimum alveolar concentration: ongoing relevance and clinical utility

2013

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“…On the other hand, drugs that increase norepinephrine levels cause an increase in the requirement for inhalation anesthetics. Similarly, it has been reported that acute administration of amphetamine [ 23 ] and cocaine [ 24 ] increases the MAC of halothane in dogs due to an increase in the catecholamine concentration in the central nervous system.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 89%

Minimum Alveolar Concentration of Isoflurane in Rats Chronically Treated with the Synthetic Cannabinoid WIN 55,212-2

Chavez-Monteagudo

Ibancovichi

Sánchez-Aparicio

et al. 2022

Animals

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The minimum alveolar concentration MAC of isoflurane was measured in rats chronically treated with WIN 55,212-2. Methods: The MAC of isoflurane was determined in 24 male rats from expiratory samples at time of tail clamping under the following conditions: without treatment MAC(ISO), in rats treated for 21 days with WIN 55,212-2 MAC(ISO + WIN55), and in rats 8 days after stopping treatment with WIN 55,212-2 (MACISO + WIN55 + 8D). Results: The MAC(ISO) was 1.32 ± 0.06. In the MAC(ISO + WIN55) group, the MAC increased to 1.69 ± 0.09 (28%, p-value ≤ (0.0001). Eight days after stopping treatment with WIN55, the MAC did not decrease significantly, 1.67 ± 0.07 (26%, p-value ≤ 0.0001). Conclusions: The administration of WIN 55,212-2 for 21 days increases the MAC of isoflurane in rats. This effect does not disappear 8 days after discontinuation of treatment with the synthetic cannabinoid.

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“…The excess of neurotransmitter in the synaptic cleft of cerebral neurons of the limbic system produces the euphoric effects of cocaine. The stimulant effect on the CNS may lead to an increase in minimal alveolar concentration (MAC) of inhaled anaesthetic drugs (Stoelting et al 1975). An important finding in relation to everyday practice is that intranasal administration of cocaine near the dose used for topical anaesthesia causes vasoconstriction of the coronary arteries with a decrease in the coronary blood flow, despite an increase in myocardial oxygen demand (Lange et al 1989).…”

Section: Malignant Hyperthermiamentioning

confidence: 99%

Adverse Effects of Local Anaesthetics

McCaughey¹

1992

Drug Safety

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Local anaesthetics are responsible for 5 to 10% of all reported adverse reactions to anaesthetic drugs. Adverse effects may be classified as: (a) those associated directly with blocking ion channels in cell membranes, such as cardiovascular and CNS toxicity; (b) those due to other effects of drug or vehicle (mainly peripheral nerve complications); (c) allergic reactions (often a mistaken diagnosis); and (d) mechanical or other effects of technique, such as needle trauma or introduction of infection. Signs and symptoms of CNS toxicity include convulsions, followed by coma and respiratory depression. Convulsions are due to disinhibition of nervous conduction, probably by an action at the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptor complex, while depressant effects, which predominate at higher doses, are due to blockade of sodium channels. CNS toxicity is potentiated by hypoxia and hypercapnia, so acute management must minimise these. Cardiovascular toxicity also involves sodium channel blockade, reducing contractility and interfering with conduction. Bupivacaine differs from lidocaine (lignocaine) in the sudden occurrence of dangerous ventricular arrhythmias including fibrillation at subconvulsant doses. Ropivacaine is a newer amide local anaesthetic with toxicity intermediate between these but potency similar to bupivacaine. Neurotoxic complications leading to prolonged deficit after intraspinal administration are uncommon. Causes are multifactorial, and include pH of and additives to preparations. Allergic reactions account for only 1% of untoward reactions, but anaphylactoid collapse can be lifeth-reatening and requires rapid and effective management.

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Effect of Cocaine Administration on Halothane MAC in Dogs

Cited by 41 publications

References 0 publications

Minimum alveolar concentration: ongoing relevance and clinical utility

Minimum alveolar concentration: ongoing relevance and clinical utility

Minimum Alveolar Concentration of Isoflurane in Rats Chronically Treated with the Synthetic Cannabinoid WIN 55,212-2

Adverse Effects of Local Anaesthetics

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