2019
DOI: 10.3390/nu11071471
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Effect of Cocoa Products and Its Polyphenolic Constituents on Exercise Performance and Exercise-Induced Muscle Damage and Inflammation: A Review of Clinical Trials

Abstract: In recent years, the consumption of chocolate and, in particular, dark chocolate has been “rehabilitated” due to its high content of cocoa antioxidant polyphenols. Although it is recognized that regular exercise improves energy metabolism and muscle performance, excessive or unaccustomed exercise may induce cell damage and impair muscle function by triggering oxidative stress and tissue inflammation. The aim of this review was to revise the available data from literature on the effects of cocoa polyphenols on … Show more

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Cited by 27 publications
(20 citation statements)
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References 75 publications
(155 reference statements)
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“…Cocoa, the main constituent of dark chocolate derives from the Theobroma cacao tree. Dark chocolate is considered a functional food, due to its content of fatty acids, vitamins, minerals, fiber, several methylxanthine alkaloids (4% of the dry weight), mainly caffeine and theobromine [78,79] and polyphenols (12%-18% of dry weight); in particular, flavan-3-ols, (+)-catechin and (−)-epicatechin and B-type procyanidins [80][81][82]. Cocoa has been reported to reduce fatty acid synthesis and transport systems, enhance β-cell function, down-regulate insulin receptor kinase activity, improve peripheral insulin sensitivity, inhibit digestive enzymes and increase thermogenesis in liver and WAT both in animals and humans [83][84][85][86].…”
Section: Cocoa and Dark Chocolate Available Evidencementioning
confidence: 99%
“…Cocoa, the main constituent of dark chocolate derives from the Theobroma cacao tree. Dark chocolate is considered a functional food, due to its content of fatty acids, vitamins, minerals, fiber, several methylxanthine alkaloids (4% of the dry weight), mainly caffeine and theobromine [78,79] and polyphenols (12%-18% of dry weight); in particular, flavan-3-ols, (+)-catechin and (−)-epicatechin and B-type procyanidins [80][81][82]. Cocoa has been reported to reduce fatty acid synthesis and transport systems, enhance β-cell function, down-regulate insulin receptor kinase activity, improve peripheral insulin sensitivity, inhibit digestive enzymes and increase thermogenesis in liver and WAT both in animals and humans [83][84][85][86].…”
Section: Cocoa and Dark Chocolate Available Evidencementioning
confidence: 99%
“…2 En estas condiciones, el consumo de oxígeno podría aumentar hasta 20 veces más que los valores en reposo. 3 Por lo tanto, durante el ejercicio prolongado o de alta intensidad, donde la generación de especies reactivas de oxígeno (ROS) excede la capacidad antioxidante del cuerpo, es plausible la suplementación con antioxidantes como ayudas ergogénicas (AE), con el fin de contrarrestar la fatiga e incrementar el rendimiento. 4 El término ergogénico se deriva del griego ergon (trabajo) y gennan (producir).…”
Section: Introductionunclassified
“…4 Se han realizado numerosos estudios acerca de la suplementación con PF, donde las fuentes principales suelen ser frutos rojos, como: cereza, zarzamora, arándano, y grosella, además de otras fuentes como la granada y la cocoa. 3 En donde se ha demostrado su efecto al mejorar la tasa de recuperación, disminuir la inflamación y atenuar el dolor muscular. 3,4,6 No obstante, existen otros recursos que poseen un significativo contenido de estos complejos moleculares; ejemplo de ello es el mezquite.…”
Section: Introductionunclassified
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“…In a review of thirteen clinical trials with athletes, a reduction of exercise-induced oxidative stress was found. However, regarding exercise performance and recovery, inconsistent results in literature did not allow a clear conclusion to be drawn [12].…”
mentioning
confidence: 99%