Effect of cold rolling and annealing on the grain refinement of low alloy steel

Ahmad, Ejaz; Karim, Fausan Said Maulana; Saeed, K.; Manzoor, T.; Zahid, G. H.

doi:10.1088/1757-899x/60/1/012029

Cited by 11 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…Tafel polarisation curves were generated, demonstrating that by increasing the compression load, the corrosion rate increased. Plastic deformation played a major role in inclining the corrosion intensity as movement of ions within the corrosion products continuously escalated, thus increasing the number of dislocations [28,29]. More deformations occurred on and along the grain boundary, and both martensitic and austenitic phases became more susceptible to grain boundary corrosion as volume expansion generated plastic strain and residual stress along the adjacent line between the interfaces [30].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Stress-Induced Phase Transformation and Its Correlation with Corrosion Properties of Dual-Phase High Carbon Steel

Handoko

Pahlevani

Hossain

et al. 2019

JMMP

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It is well known that stress-induced phase transformation in dual-phase steel leads to the degradation of bulk corrosion resistance properties. Predicting this behaviour in high carbon steel is imperative for designing this grade of steel for more advanced applications. Dual-phase high carbon steel consists of a martensitic structure with metastable retained austenite which can be transformed to martensite when the required energy is attained, and its usage has increased in the past decade. In this study, insight into the influence of deformed microstructures on corrosion behaviour of dual-phase high carbon steel was investigated. The generation of strain-induced martensite formation (SIMF) by residual stress through plastic deformation, misorientation and substructure formation was comprehensively conducted by EBSD and SEM. Tafel and EIS methods were used to determine corrosion intensity and the effect of corrosion behaviour on hardness properties. As a result of the static compression load, the retained austenite transformed into martensite, which lowered its corrosion rate by 5.79% and increased the dislocation density and the length of high-angle grain boundaries. This study demonstrates that balancing the fraction of the martensite phase in structure and dislocation density, including the length of high-angle grain boundaries, will result in an increase in the corrosion rate in parallel with the applied compression load.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Stress-Induced Phase Transformation and Its Correlation with Corrosion Properties of Dual-Phase High Carbon Steel

Handoko

Pahlevani

Hossain

et al. 2019

JMMP

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…These alloys showed a vast improvement in tensile stress due in combination of hot/cold rolling and the partitioning treatment. During hot/coldrolling, energy stores in the material, which increases the driving force for nucleation of new grains during the heat treatment and ultimately leads to grain refinement [150].…”

Section: Discussion Of Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ultra High Strength Steels for Roll Formed Automotive Body in White

Hardwicke

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One of the more recent steel developments is the quenching and partitioning process, first proposed by Speer et al. in 2003 on developing 3rd generation advanced highstrength steel (AHSS). The quenching and partitioning (Q&P) process set a new way of producing martensitic steels with enhanced austenite levels, realised through controlled thermal treatments. The main objective of the so-called 3rd generation steels was to realise comparable properties to the 2nd generation but without high alloying additions. Generally, Q&P steels have remained within lab-scale environments, with only a small number of Q&P steels produced industrially. Q&P steels are produced either by a one-step or two-step process, and the re-heating mechanism for the two-step adds additional complexities when heat treating the material industrially. The Q&P steels developed and tested throughout this thesis have been designed to achieve the desired microstructural evolution whilst fitting in with Tata's continuous annealing processing line (CAPL) capabilities. The CALPHAD approach using a combination of thermodynamics, kinetics, and phase transformation theory with software packages ThermoCalc and JMatPro has been successfully deployed to find novel Q&P steels. The research undertaken throughout this thesis has led to two novel Q&P steels, which can be produced on CAPL without making any infrastructure changes to the line. The two novel Q&P steels show an apparent reduction in hardness mismatch, illustrated visually and numerically after nanoindentation experiments. The properties realised after Q&P heat treatments on the C-Mn-Si alloy with 0.2 Wt.% C and the C-Mn-Si alloy with the small Cr addition is superior to the commercially available QP980/1180 steels by BaoSteel. Both novel alloys had comparable levels of elongation and hole expansion ratio to QP1180 but are substantially stronger with a > 320MPa increase in tensile stress. The heat treatment is also less complex as there is no requirement to heat the steel back up after quenching due to one-step quenching and partitioning being employed on the novel alloys.

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“…Rolling the metal ingot creates elongated grains in the metal sheet as any equiaxed grains are flattened and stretched during the process [38]. At higher temperatures, grains are stronger and better resist fracture within their own area than along their boundaries, therefore a grid of long, thin grains will perform far better when force is applied parallel to their length, but far worse when applied perpendicular [39].…”

Section: Grain Formation and Relevancementioning

confidence: 99%

Formability of Polymer-coated Metals

Reinhardt

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This project was undertaken to explore the viability of manufacturing polymer-coated cans using current drawing-wall-ironing methods, and centres around exploring polymer-coated alternatives to lacquered food and beverage cans. A full process FEA model was developed in Abaqus, and a polymer coating characterisation was attempted via tensile and compressive tests of available PET. As an alternative, the polymer was modelled as a force/over-closure con-tact deﬁnition in ﬁnite element analysis models, using force data derived from existing polymer data. The contact deﬁnition demonstrated an effective alter-native to modelling a ﬁnite element meshed polymer layer but needed opti-mising to match physical results. A tensile test machine rig was designed and manufactured capable of ironing strip metal specimens for otherwise unavail-able ironing metrology. The rig was calibrated using uncoated steel, then used to gain data on force and resulting geometry for polymer coated steel during and after ironing. Rig data was used in a ﬁnite element analysis automated feedback loop to optimise the force/over-closure and friction coefﬁcients for the contact deﬁnition. Finally, a full-process drawing-wall-ironing simulation on polymer coated steel was implemented in a design of experiments study, which mapped the previously unexplored design space. The most signiﬁcant parameters in resulting can geometry were the percentage of redraw and iron-ing during the respective forming phases, as well as the redraw radius. De-creasing the diameter of both redraw and ironing tooling rings resulted in a longer and thinner can, as did decreasing the redraw radius. Whilst not an ex-haustive study, the project ultimately demonstrated the viability of modelling polymer-coatings using contact deﬁnitions in ﬁnite element analysis and paves the way for further study into the polymer-coated steel can.

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Effect of cold rolling and annealing on the grain refinement of low alloy steel

Cited by 11 publications

References 8 publications

Stress-Induced Phase Transformation and Its Correlation with Corrosion Properties of Dual-Phase High Carbon Steel

Stress-Induced Phase Transformation and Its Correlation with Corrosion Properties of Dual-Phase High Carbon Steel

Ultra High Strength Steels for Roll Formed Automotive Body in White

Formability of Polymer-coated Metals

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