Effect of Colonic Bacterial Metabolites on Caco-2 Cell Paracellular Permeability In Vitro

Hughes, Róisín; Kurth, Mary Jo; McGilligan, Victoria; McGlynn, Hugh; Rowland, Ian

doi:10.1080/01635580701649644

Cited by 113 publications

(74 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…Protein fermentation is less studied than carbohydrates; however, it has been suggested that branched-chain fatty acids (BCFAs) and other products coming from protein fermentation, such as ammonia, phenols, amines, and sulfides, could affect the viability of colonocytes [43]. PICRUSt analysis predicted higher amino acid metabolism in the RTT group, which is in line with the higher protein intake.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rett Syndrome: A Focus on Gut Microbiota

Borghi

Borgo

Severgnini

et al. 2017

IJMS

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Rett syndrome (RTT) is an X-linked neurodevelopmental disorder affecting 1 in 10,000 live female births. Changes in microbiota composition, as observed in other neurological disorders such as autism spectrum disorders, may account for several symptoms typically associated with RTT. We studied the relationship between disease phenotypes and microbiome by analyzing diet, gut microbiota, and short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production. We enrolled eight RTT patients and 10 age- and sex-matched healthy women, all without dietary restrictions. The microbiota was characterized by 16S rRNA gene sequencing, and SCFAs concentration was determined by gas chromatographic analysis. The RTT microbiota showed a lower α diversity, an enrichment in Bacteroidaceae, Clostridium spp., and Sutterella spp., and a slight depletion in Ruminococcaceae. Fecal SCFA concentrations were similar, but RTT samples showed slightly higher concentrations of butyrate and propionate, and significant higher levels in branched-chain fatty acids. Daily caloric intake was similar in the two groups, but macronutrient analysis showed a higher protein content in RTT diets. Microbial function prediction suggested in RTT subjects an increased number of microbial genes encoding for propionate and butyrate, and amino acid metabolism. A full understanding of these critical features could offer new, specific strategies for managing RTT-associated symptoms, such as dietary intervention or pre/probiotic supplementation.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rett Syndrome: A Focus on Gut Microbiota

Borghi

Borgo

Severgnini

et al. 2017

IJMS

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“…Transepithelial resistance of Caco-2 cells was decreased after incubation with NH 3 (10-100 mM), phenol (1-10 mM) and both primary and secondary bile acids (50-250 mM) [34]. McCall et al confirmed the effect of phenol on cell permeability in SK-CO15 cells, which are also transformed human intestinal epithelial cells.…”

Section: P-cresol and Phenolmentioning

confidence: 90%

Relevance of protein fermentation to gut health

Windey

Preter

Verbeke

2011

Molecular Nutrition Food Res

530

349

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It is generally accepted that carbohydrate fermentation results in beneficial effects for the host because of the generation of short chain fatty acids, whereas protein fermentation is considered detrimental for the host's health. Protein fermentation mainly occurs in the distal colon, when carbohydrates get depleted and results in the production of potentially toxic metabolites such as ammonia, amines, phenols and sulfides. However, the effectivity of these metabolites has been established mainly in in vitro studies. In addition, some important bowel diseases such as colorectal cancer (CRC) and ulcerative colitis appear most often in the distal colon, which is the primary site of protein fermentation. Finally, epidemiological studies revealed that diets rich in meat are associated with the prevalence of CRC, as is the case in Western society. Importantly, meat intake not only increases fermentation of proteins but also induces increased intake of fat, heme and heterocyclic amines, which may also play a role in the development of CRC. Despite these indications, the relationship between gut health and protein fermentation has not been thoroughly investigated. In this review, the existing evidence about the potential toxicity of protein fermentation from in vitro animal and human studies will be summarized.

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“…Recently, H 2 S has been proposed to destabilize the mucus layer through disulfide bond reduction [72,73], therefore possibly facilitating the contact of luminal compounds with the colonic mucosa. The AA-derived microbial metabolites phenol and ammonia have been found to increase epithelial permeability [74], while indole and branched-chain fatty acids have shown protective effects on this intestinal parameter [75,76,77]. Among AA-derived bacterial metabolites, ammonia and H 2 S have been shown to induce the expression of pro-inflammatory genes in colonic IEC [50,65] while indole and related compounds exert immuno-regulatory effects [75,76,78,79].…”

Section: Potential Role Of Dietary Proteins In Inflammatory Flarementioning

confidence: 99%

Dietary Protein and Amino Acid Supplementation in Inflammatory Bowel Disease Course: What Impact on the Colonic Mucosa?

et al. 2017

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Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), after disease onset, typically progress in two cyclically repeated phases, namely inflammatory flare and remission, with possible nutritional status impairment. Some evidence, either from epidemiological, clinical, and experimental studies indicate that the quantity and the quality of dietary protein consumption and amino acid supplementation may differently influence the IBD course according to the disease phases. For instance, although the dietary protein needs for mucosal healing after an inflammatory episode remain undetermined, there is evidence that amino acids derived from dietary proteins display beneficial effects on this process, serving as building blocks for macromolecule synthesis in the wounded mucosal area, energy substrates, and/or precursors of bioactive metabolites. However, an excessive amount of dietary proteins may result in an increased intestinal production of potentially deleterious bacterial metabolites. This could possibly affect epithelial repair as several of these bacterial metabolites are known to inhibit colonic epithelial cell respiration, cell proliferation, and/or to affect barrier function. In this review, we present the available evidence about the impact of the amount of dietary proteins and supplementary amino acids on IBD onset and progression, with a focus on the effects reported in the colon.

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Effect of Colonic Bacterial Metabolites on Caco-2 Cell Paracellular Permeability In Vitro

Cited by 113 publications

References 30 publications

Rett Syndrome: A Focus on Gut Microbiota

Rett Syndrome: A Focus on Gut Microbiota

Relevance of protein fermentation to gut health

Dietary Protein and Amino Acid Supplementation in Inflammatory Bowel Disease Course: What Impact on the Colonic Mucosa?

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