“…[3,4,8,9,11,[15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25]). Several causes have been given for the observed differences between hoop rupture strains and material ultimate tensile strains, including: (i) the quality of workmanship; (ii) overlaps of fiber sheets in the FRP shell; (iii) manufacturing imperfections (e.g., misalignment of fibers); (iv) shrinkage of the concrete (for FRP tube-encased concrete); (v) localized or non-uniform effects caused by imperfections in FRP shells and/or heterogeneity of cracked concrete; (vi) load eccentricities caused by specimen imperfections and/or test setup imprecisions; (vii) multiaxial stress condition generated on the FRP shell; and (viii) effect of the curvature of the FRP shell.…”