Effect of Commercially Available Sugar-Sweetened Beverages on Subjective Appetite and Short-Term Food Intake in Girls

Abstract

Background: The effect of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) on satiety and short-term food intake (FI) regulation in girls has received little attention. The objective of the present study was to compare the effect of pre-meal consumption of commercially available SSBs on subjective appetite and short-term FI in 9–14-year-old girls. The methods we used include using a randomized crossover design in which 28 girls consumed isovolumetric amounts (350 mL) of a fruit drink (154 kcal), cola (158 kcal), 1% chocolate milk (224 kcal), or water (control; 0 kcal) on four separate mornings. Subjective appetite and thirst were measured at regular intervals via visual analogue scales (VAS) and FI was assessed at 60 min post-beverage consumption. The results show that subjective appetite and thirst decreased after all beverages, but did not differ among beverages. Short-term FI was suppressed following consumption of chocolate milk (15%; p < 0.001) and cola (11%; p = 0.02) compared to the water control. However, cumulative energy intake (beverage (kcal) + test meal (kcal)) was not affected by beverage type. In conclusion, chocolate milk and cola, but not fruit drink, suppressed FI in girls while cumulative FI did not differ among treatments.

Effect of Increasing the Dietary Protein Content of Breakfast on Subjective Appetite, Short-Term Food Intake and Diet-Induced Thermogenesis in Children

“…In experiments 1 and 2, participants were asked to complete visual analogue scales (VAS) for motivation-to-eat and physical comfort; each VAS was a 100 mm line where they placed a pencil mark to describe their feelings along the continuum. For motivation-to-eat, children described their desire to eat (“Very weak” to “Very strong”), hunger (“Not hungry at all” to “As hungry as I have ever felt”), fullness (“Not full at all” to “Very full”), and prospective food consumption (PFC) (“A large amount” to “Nothing at all”) for subjective appetite, as reported [ 34 , 35 , 36 , 37 ] and validated [ 27 ] in our previous studies. A subjective appetite score was calculated from the motivation-to-eat VAS questionnaire using the following formula: Subjective Appetite (mm) = [desire to eat + hunger + (100 − fullness) + PFC]/4.…”

The effect of sugar-sweetened beverages at 4 years of age on appetitive behaviours of 7-year-olds from the Generation XXI birth cohort

“…children consuming more SSBs might also develop food approach behaviours. Previous studies have suggested that SBBs imply a higher food intake (22,23) , because liquid forms (like SSBs) do not provide subsequent compensation of energy intake, leading to a greater total caloric intake (21,25) .…”

“…high consumption of energydense foods (such as fatty and/or sugary foods and beverages) and low consumption of nutrient-dense foods (such as fruits and vegetables), leading to an unbalanced nutritional status and, for this reason, these eating behaviours might be a cause of concern (1,13,18) . Sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) have been considered one of the dietary factors with greatest impact on childhood obesity (19) , and have been associated with an increased risk of dental caries and insulin resistance (20) , a positive energy balance (21) and increased food intake (22,23) . It also appears to play a key role in moderating fullness, responses possibly driven via ghrelin (24) .…”

Effect of White Potatoes on Subjective Appetite, Food Intake, and Glycemic Response in Healthy Older Adults

“…('not full at all' to 'very full'); and (4) prospective food consumption question of 'how much food do you think you can eat?' ('nothing at all' to 'a large amount') [31][32][33]. Subjective average appetite scores (units) were calculated from the four VAS question scores as follows, as previously reported [17,[31][32][33][34]: (desire-to-eat + hunger + (100-fullness) + prospective food consumption)/4.…”

“…Lunch FI was measured at 120 min with an ad libitum pizza lunch, as reported in our previous studies [17,[31][32][33]. Participants were escorted to a sensory room and individually seated in a semi-private cubicle with ad libitum water for 30 min.…”