Effect of compaction time delay on compaction and strength behavior of lime-treated expansive soil contacted with sulfate

Raja, P. Sriram Karthick; Thyagaraj, T.

doi:10.1007/s41062-020-0268-2

Cited by 20 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…The additional energy needed to break lumps and bonds formed in soil may be the reason for the loss in strength. Similarly, Raja and Thyagaraj (2020) found a decrease in MDD with compaction delay on clay and lime mixture, and a significant reduction was observed during the first 6 h. They also proposed the use of Sulfate solution to inhibit the formation of aggregate. A concentration of 20000 ppm Sulfate solution is effective in retarding the rate of reaction but significant risk of formation of immediate ettringite on the addition of cementitious stabilisers, which could further reduce the MMD achieved.…”

Section: Ground Improvement Using Chemical Stabilisersmentioning

confidence: 87%

Ground improvement using chemical methods: A review

Verma

Ray

Rai

et al. 2021

Heliyon

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Ground improvement will be critically important in the present and future geotechnical practice for designing the structures in weak soil. This paper presents a review of the recent development in ground improvement techniques, especially chemical stabilisers. Various available chemical stabilisers are identified and compared with other available methods. Though the use of chemicals provides an excellent alternative to the traditional methods, they still lack proper understanding regarding their use, handling, application, and long-term effect on the environment. Various chemical stabilisers and their applicability conditions are summarised in the present paper. Insight of biochemical, electrochemical, inorganic, and organic stabilisers is presented with future scope of these methods along with the potential areas where a lot of efforts is needed to industrialise these methods are also discussed briefly. A need for developing a more environmentally friendly and safe method was felt while reviewing these methods. Lack of a large amount of data is a major concern for lesser use of these methods industrially. A lot of laboratory and field experiments should be conducted in different conditions to ensure safe results from chemical stabilisers.

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Section: Ground Improvement Using Chemical Stabilisersmentioning

confidence: 87%

Ground improvement using chemical methods: A review

Verma

Ray

Rai

et al. 2021

Heliyon

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“…Conversely, for the lime-modified soil and the solid-waste-based binder-modified soil, the optimal moisture content increased, while the maximum dry density decreased with higher lime contents [21][22][23][24][25]. Under a certain content of binder, the optimal moisture content of cement-modified soil decreased with an extended compaction delay time [20,26], while the optimal moisture content of lime-modified soil increased [27]. However, the maximum dry densities in both cases exhibited a decreasing trend, stabilizing subsequently [28][29][30][31].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Physical and Mechanical Properties of All-Solid-Waste-Based Binder-Modified Abandoned Marine Soft Soil

Liu,

Yang,

et al. 2024

JMSE

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Large quantities of abandoned marine soft soil are generated from coastal engineering which cannot be directly utilized for construction without modification. The utilization of traditional binders to modify abandoned marine soft soil yields materials with favorable mechanical properties and cost efficiency. However, the production of traditional binders like cement leads to environmental pollution. This study uses a CGF all-solid-waste binder (abbreviated as CGF) composed of industrial solid waste materials such as calcium carbide residue (CCR), ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS), and fly ash (FA), developed by our research team, for the modification of abandoned marine soft soil (referred to as modified soil). It is noteworthy that the marine soft soil utilized in this study was obtained from the coastal area of Jiaozhou Bay, Qingdao, China. Physical property tests, compaction tests, and unconfined compressive strength (UCS) tests were conducted on the modified soil. The investigation analyzed the effects of binder content, compaction delay time, and curing time on the physical, compaction, and mechanical properties of CGF-modified soil and cement-modified soil. Additionally, microscopic experimental results were integrated to elucidate the mechanical improvement mechanisms of CGF on abandoned marine soft soil. The results show that after modification with binders, the water content of abandoned marine soft soil significantly decreases due to both physical mixing and chemical reactions. With an increase in compaction delay time, the impact of chemical reactions on reducing water content gradually surpasses that of physical mixing, and the plasticity of the modified soil notably modifies. The addition of binders results in an increase in the optimum moisture content and a decrease in the maximum dry density of CGF-modified soil, while the optimum moisture content decreases and the maximum dry density increases for cement-modified soil. Moreover, with an increase in binder content, the compaction curve of CGF-modified soil gradually shifts downward and to the right, while for cement-modified soil, it shifts upward and to the left. Additionally, the maximum dry density of both CGF-modified and cement-modified soils shows a declining trend with the increase in compaction delay time, while the optimum moisture content of CGF-modified soil increases and that of cement-modified soil exhibits a slight decrease. The strength of compacted modified soil is determined by the initial moisture ratio, binder content, compaction delay time, and curing time. The process of CGF modification of marine soft soil in Jiaozhou Bay can be delineated into stages of modified soil formation, formation of compacted modified soil, and curing of compacted modified soil. The modification mechanisms primarily involve the alkali excitation reaction of CGF itself, pozzolanic reaction, ion-exchange reaction, and carbonization reaction. Through quantitative calculations, the carbon footprint and unit strength cost of CGF are both significantly lower than those of cement.

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“…This clay cementation mechanism will then increase the density and strength of the clay in accepting loads, thus meeting technical requirements, especially in the construction of road foundation layers [12]. The primary factor contributing to this is its cost-effectiveness and significant stability, both in the short and long term [13].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Proximity Porosity and Crystallinity Analysis as Clay/Nickel Slag Characteristics for Material Stabilization Application

Gaus,

Rauf,

Siregar

et al. 2024

Trends Sci

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Slag nikel is a by-product of nickel ore smelting through the pyrometallurgical process, which contains silica (> 50 %). This suggests that nickel slag, possessing pozzolanic properties, which potentially to be used as a binding material in construction projects dealing with low soil bearing capacity, such as soil improvement for road foundation. Pozzolanic reactions are greatly influenced by the chemical bonds formed between the binding material and the soil, causing mechanical characteristic changes in the soil. This study aims to examine the effect of adding nickel slag to soft soil based on changes in its physical, mechanical and chemical properties. Physical and mechanical property tests were conducted according to ASTM standards, while the changes in chemical structure in the soil were analyzed based on X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) test results. In this study, nickel slag percentages of 3, 6, 9 and 12 % were used based on the weight ratio of clay soil, at optimum water content (wopt). Furthermore, the test specimens were cured for 14, 28 and 56 days to observe the effect of time on the increase of crystal phases in each variation. The results showed that the presence of nickel slag in the soil can affect its physical and mechanical properties. The nickel slag content in the soil of 3, 6, 9 and 12 % reduces the plasticity index by 16.69, 12.02, 8.86 and 6.38 %, respectively. Meanwhile, the density values increased by 10.97, 11.27, 11.68 and 12.01 kN/m3, respectively. The changes in physical and mechanical properties can be explained by the XRD analysis results, showing changes in the spectrum curve and peak intensity of X-Ray Diffraction in the soil with the addition of nickel slag. This explanation clarifies the transformation of the soil’s atomic structure from an amorphous state to a crystalline form, which is stabilized by nickel slag. HIGHLIGHTS The silica-rich nature of nickel slag offers a feasible alternative for chemical soil stabilisation The stabilization of soft soil with nickel slag results in a decrease in the plasticity index and an increase in density Immersion duration shows a changing response for the crystallinity index and porosity of the material GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

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Effect of compaction time delay on compaction and strength behavior of lime-treated expansive soil contacted with sulfate

Cited by 20 publications

References 22 publications

Ground improvement using chemical methods: A review

Ground improvement using chemical methods: A review

Physical and Mechanical Properties of All-Solid-Waste-Based Binder-Modified Abandoned Marine Soft Soil

Proximity Porosity and Crystallinity Analysis as Clay/Nickel Slag Characteristics for Material Stabilization Application

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