Effect of consumption of whole milk and skim milk on blood lipid profiles in healthy men

Steinmetz, Kristi A.; Childs, Marian T.; Stimson, C.; Kushi, Lawrence H.; McGovern, Paul G.; Potter, John D.; Yamanaka, William K.

doi:10.1093/ajcn/59.3.612

Cited by 62 publications

(35 citation statements)

References 44 publications

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“…Previous intervention studies examining the effects of milk supplementation or increased dairy consumption on lipid concentrations have produced varying results, which are likely due to differences in the amount and fat composition of the milk (or dairy product) used, participant characteristics, study duration and/or whether the intervention was combined with weight loss or a low-fat diet (Buonopane et al, 1992;Steinmetz et al, 1994;Barr et al, 2000;Zemel et al, 2004). Our findings are consistent with a 12-week trial that found that advice to drink three glasses of skim or fat-reduced milk per day did not change any lipid parameter in older men and women (Barr et al, 2000).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Long-term effect of calcium-vitamin D3 fortified milk on blood pressure and serum lipid concentrations in healthy older men

Daly

Nowson

2009

Eur J Clin Nutr

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Background/Objectives: Some epidemiological and clinical studies have shown that increased dairy consumption or calcium and/or vitamin D supplementation can have a beneficial effect on blood pressure, and lipid and lipoprotein concentrations. The aim of this study was to assess the long-term effects of calcium-vitamin D 3 fortified milk on blood pressure and lipid-lipoprotein concentrations in community-dwelling older men. Subjects/Methods: This is a substudy of a 2-year randomized controlled trial in which 167 men aged 450 years were assigned to receive either 400 ml per day of reduced fat (B1%) milk fortified with approximately 1000 mg of calcium and 800 IU of vitamin D 3 or to a control group receiving no additional fortified milk. Weight, blood pressure, lipid and lipoprotein concentrations were measured every 6 months. Participants on lipid-lowering (n ¼ 32) or antihypertensive medication (n ¼ 39) were included, but those who commenced, increased or decreased their medication throughout the intervention were excluded (n ¼ 27). Results: In the 140 men included in this study (milk, n ¼ 73; control, n ¼ 67), there were no significant effects of the calciumvitamin D 3 fortified milk on weight, systolic or diastolic blood pressure, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein or low-density lipoprotein cholesterol or triglyceride concentrations at any time throughout the intervention. Similar results were observed after excluding men taking antihypertensive or lipid-lowering medication or limiting the analysis to those with baseline calcium intakes o1000 mg per day and/or with hypovitaminosis D (25(OH)D o75 nmol/l). Conclusions: Supplementation with reduced-fat calcium-vitamin D 3 fortified milk did not have a beneficial (nor detrimental) effect on blood pressure, lipid or lipoprotein concentrations in healthy community-dwelling older men.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Long-term effect of calcium-vitamin D3 fortified milk on blood pressure and serum lipid concentrations in healthy older men

Daly

Nowson

2009

Eur J Clin Nutr

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“…Contrary to these negative claims, several studies increased the knowledge concerning the nutritional value and characteristics of milk, showing that it can be considered a multifunctional food product. Besides providing proteins, lipids, vitamins and minerals (Steinmetz et al, 1994;Atti et al, 2006;Collomb et al, 2008;Descalzo et al, 2012), recent research has shown that some milk fatty acids (FAs), particularly conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), have further beneficial effects on the health status of people by exhibiting anti-carcinogenic, anti-diabetic and anti-inflammatory benefits (Gavino et al, 1999: Khanal & Dhiman, 2004. The Jersey breed is popular among pasture-based dairy farmers, especially in the Southern Cape area of South Africa (Muller et al, 2008).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Milk fatty acid composition and conjugated linoleic acid content of Jersey and Fleckvieh x Jersey cows in a pasture-based feeding system

Sasanti¹,

Abel²,

Muller³

et al. 2015

SA J. An. Sci.

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A number of fatty acids (FAs), such as omega-3, omega-6 and conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), which are present in the milk from dairy cows are considered essential FAs and beneficial nutrients for humans. The aim of the study was to compare the milk FA content, particularly the CLA, omega-3 and omega-6 FA content of the milk fat of Jersey and Fleckvieh x Jersey (F x J) cows in a pasture-based feeding system. All cows were fed the same diet consisting of kikuyu-ryegrass pasture in a rotational grazing system supplemented with a standard commercial concentrate mixture at 7 kg per cow per day. Five milk samples were collected every five weeks from 10 days after calving, that is, days in milk (DIM) up to 175 DIM. In addition, two samples were collected every five weeks from 240 DIM to the end of the lactation period. Sampling was done at the evening and following morning's milking session and pooled for each cow. Samples were kept frozen at −20 ºC until laboratory analysis by gas chromatography. Thirty six FAs were detected and concentration levels determined. Higher levels of total CLA (0.74 ± 0.02 vs. 0.63 ± 0.02 g FA/100 g fat), linoleic acid (1.51 ± 0.03 vs. 1.36 ± 0.04 g FA/100 g fat) and total omega-6 FAs (1.74 ± 0.04 vs. 1.54 ± 0.05 g FA/100 g fat) were recorded in the milk fat of F x J cows in comparison with Jersey cows, respectively. Increases in total CLA and the c9,t11 CLA isomers in the milk of Jersey and F x J cows followed the same trend, showing an increase from the beginning to the end of the lactation period. Similarly, the CLA content of the milk fat showed an increase with lactation stage for both breeds. ______________________________________________________________________________________

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“…Milk intake is probably positively related to blood lipid levels (Steinmetz et al, 1994;Nagaya et al, 1996), but the effect shown in many studies is either trivial or absent (Shaper et al, 1991;Jacobsen & Stensvold, 1992;D'Avanso et al, 1995;Abbott et al, 1996;Onning et al, 1998;Barr et al, 2000;Ness et al;Elwood et al, 2003). In fact, in some studies a milk supplement led to a decrease in blood lipids (Buonapane et al, 1992;St Onge et al, 2000;Samuelson et al, 2001), leading again to the suggestion that milk may contain substances that counterbalance any expected positive effect on lipid levels (Pfeuffer & Schrezenmeir, 2000).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Milk drinking, ischaemic heart disease and ischaemic stroke II. Evidence from cohort studies

et al. 2004

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Objective: Milk consumption is considered a risk factor for vascular disease on the basis of relevant biological mechanisms and data from ecological studies. The aim was to identify published prospective studies of milk drinking and vascular disease, and conduct an overview. Design: The literature was searched for cohort studies, in which an estimate of the consumption of milk, or the intake of calcium from dairy sources, has been related to incident vascular disease. Main outcome measures: Ischaemic heart disease and ischaemic stroke. Results: In total, 10 studies were identified. Their results show a high degree of consistency in the reported risk for heart disease and stroke, all but one study suggesting a relative risk of less than one in subjects with the highest intakes of milk. A pooled estimate of relative odds in these subjects, relative to the risk in subjects with the lowest consumption, is 0.87 (95% CI 0.74-1.03) for ischaemic heart disease and 0.83 (0.77-0.90) for ischaemic stroke. The odds ratio for any vascular event is 0.84 (0.78-0.90). Conclusions: Cohort studies provide no convincing evidence that milk is harmful. While there still could be residual confounding from unidentified factors, the studies, taken together, suggest that milk drinking may be associated with a small but worthwhile reduction in heart disease and stroke risk. Sponsorship:

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Effect of consumption of whole milk and skim milk on blood lipid profiles in healthy men

Cited by 62 publications

References 44 publications

Long-term effect of calcium-vitamin D3 fortified milk on blood pressure and serum lipid concentrations in healthy older men

Long-term effect of calcium-vitamin D3 fortified milk on blood pressure and serum lipid concentrations in healthy older men

Milk fatty acid composition and conjugated linoleic acid content of Jersey and Fleckvieh x Jersey cows in a pasture-based feeding system

Milk drinking, ischaemic heart disease and ischaemic stroke II. Evidence from cohort studies

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