Effect of Continuous Gamma Irradiation of Chick Embryos upon Hatchability and Growth

Mraz, Frank R.

doi:10.2307/3573403

Cited by 11 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…In the present study, no significant differences in hatchability between irradiated and control eggs were observed. The results of this study on body weight of commercial broiler chicks of mixed sexes are consistent with previous findings Mraz (1971) Shebaita et al (1974) and Schramm et al (1980). The effect of doses higher than 1-2 Gy (2 to 16 Gy) on hatchability was harmful to duck eggs (Simon and Oroszlany, 1979) and to White Cornish X White Rock crossbred eggs (Schramm et al, 1980).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 95%

“…They attributed the effect of gamma irradiation to the quality of eggs and concluded that the higher the quality the less the stimulatory effect. In contrast, Mraz (1971) designed an experiment with different dose rates of continuous 60 Co gamma irradiation during incubation, linked the effect with dose rate and found that hatchability of fertile eggs of White Leghorns was not affected at doses of 0-005 Gy/h or lower; higher doses were harmful. These discrepancies in earlier findings might be a reflection of dose rates, strains or statistical inadequacies.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 88%

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Effect of low doses of gamma irradiation prior to egg incubation on hatchability and body weight of broiler chickens

1991

British Poultry Science

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1. Four experiments involving 23,800 settable eggs of commercial broiler parent stocks were conducted to determine the effect of gamma irradiation before egg incubation on hatchability and body weight of hatched chicks. 2. Irradiation doses were 0, 0.05, 0.10, 0.15, 0.20, 0.40, 0.80 and 1.2 Grays (Gy) for experiment 1; 0, 0.15 and 1.2 Gy for experiment 2; 0 and 0.15 Gy for experiment 3; 0, 1.6 and 2.1 Gy for experiment 4. Dose rate was about 0.12 Gy/min. 3. Gamma irradiation at doses of 0.05 to 1.6 Gy before incubation did not affect embryo development, whereas a dose of 2.1 Gy was harmful.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 95%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 88%

Effect of low doses of gamma irradiation prior to egg incubation on hatchability and body weight of broiler chickens

1991

British Poultry Science

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“…The data of Wagner and Marples ( 1966) and Buech (1976) cannot be analyzed statistically for effects of chronic radiation exposure on breeding performance, but their data suggest that birds can nest successfully at exposure rates ranging from 2.6 to 260 mC·kg-L d-1 • Little additional information is available on chronic irradiation of wild birds. Mraz (1971) noted reduced hatchability of chicken eggs at an exposure rate of 5.6 mC · kg-1 • d-1 , a value considerably higher than the rates on boxes selected by birds in our study (Table 1). Irradiated birds may also lay fewer eggs (Maloney and Mraz 1969), or spermatogenesis in these birds may become incomplete (Lofts and Rotblat 1962).…”

Section: Breeding Successcontrasting

confidence: 79%

Breeding Biology of Trees Swallows and House Wrens in a Gradient of Gamma Radiation

Zach¹,

Mayoh²

1982

Ecology

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In a gradient of gamma radiation ranging from 38.7 mC°kg—1°d—1 to background levels of 0.05 μC°kg—1°d—1, Tree Swallows (Iridoprocne bicolor) and House Wrens (Troglodytes aedon) avoided nesting in areas of high radiation. Nest boxes selected by swallows and wrens had a mean exposure rate of only 9.3 and 6.6 μC°kg—1°d—1, respectively. Lateral and canopy vegetation indices and nest hole height and direction could not explain the observed pattern of box selection. Of the boxes with low exposure rates, swallows selected those with little vegetation cover, whereas wrens chose boxes with heavy cover. It appears that the birds responded to radiation levels as low as 100 times background, but it is not clear whether they actually detected radiation or simply responded to secondary clues. The number of swallows and wrens fledged per box was unrelated to radiation exposure. The same was true for number eggs, hatching success, fledging success, incubation time, and nestling time. Breeding success was reduced because of infertile eggs, eggs with dead embryos, cracked eggs, predation, adverse weather, abandonment, and parasites. The logistic model was ideally suited for describing gains in mass in nestling swallows and wrens. Growth of nestlings was not related to radiation exposure as indicated by the growth rate constant, asymptotic mass, and the proportion of variation explained by the logistic model. Breeding and growth performance were similar in studies not involving experimental radiation. The data show that birds avoided adverse effects of radiation by judicious box selection. However, there were indications that at higher breeding densities birds may use high—exposure boxes, where breeding success or growth of nestlings may become reduced due to radiation.

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“…Short-term exposure to a gamma source prior to the injection of exogenous cells resulted in compromised recipient embryos and enhanced the efficiency of germline chimera production using blastodermal cells (Carsience et al, 1993;Kagami et al, 1995). It has been reported that continuous gamma irradiation of chicken embryos during incubation produced sterile birds (Mraz, 1971;Mraz andWoody, 1972, 1973). However, this approach requires exposure to the entire incubation period, thus limiting the application of this technique.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Production of germline chimeric chickens following the administration of a busulfan emulsion

et al. 2005

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Busulfan (1,4-butanediol dimethanesulfonate) was used to deplete endogenous germ cells for the enhanced production of chicken germline chimeras. Utilizing immunohistochemical identification of primordial gem cells (PGCs) in Stage 27 chicken embryos, two delivery formulations were compared relative to the degree of endogenous PGC depletion, a busulfan suspension (BS) and a solublized busulfan emulsion (SBE). Both busulfan treatments resulted in a significant reduction in PGCs when compared to controls. However, the SBE resulted in a more consistent and extensive depletion of PGCs than that observed with the BS treatment. Repopulation of SBE-treated embryos with exogenous PGCs resulted in a threefold increase of PGCs in Stage 27 embryos. Subsequently, germline chimeras were produced by the transfer of male gonadal PGCs from Barred Plymouth Rock embryos into untreated and SBE-treated White Leghorn embryos. Progeny testing of the presumptive chimeras with adult Barred Plymouth Rock chickens was performed to evaluate the efficiency of germline chimera production. The frequency of germline chimerism in SBE-treated recipients increased fivefold when compared to untreated recipients. The number of donor-derived offspring from the germline chimeras also increased eightfold following SBE-treatment of the recipient embryos. These results demonstrated that the administration of a busulfan emulsion into the egg yolk of unincubated eggs improved the depletion of endogenous PGCs in the embryo and enhanced the efficiency of germline chimera production.

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Effect of Continuous Gamma Irradiation of Chick Embryos upon Hatchability and Growth

Cited by 11 publications

References 3 publications

Effect of low doses of gamma irradiation prior to egg incubation on hatchability and body weight of broiler chickens

Effect of low doses of gamma irradiation prior to egg incubation on hatchability and body weight of broiler chickens

Breeding Biology of Trees Swallows and House Wrens in a Gradient of Gamma Radiation

Production of germline chimeric chickens following the administration of a busulfan emulsion

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