Effect of Country of Origin, Age, and Body Mass Index on Prevalence of Vitamin D Deficiency in a US Immigrant and Refugee Population

Campagna, Ann M.; Settgast, Ann; Walker, Patricia F.; DeFor, Terese A.; Campagna, Elizabeth J.; Plotnikoff, Gregory A.

doi:10.1016/j.mayocp.2012.07.027

Cited by 20 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 43 publications

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“…One study of Somali women living in Finland showed high prevalence 25(OH)D deficiency, in line with our results 34. A study of an immigrant and refugee population to the USA shows similar results of 25(OH)D deficiency among individuals from Ethiopia and Somalia, although the time since arrival in the USA was unknown 35. Accordingly, as 25(OH)D status in Somalia, Eritrea, Afghanistan and Iraq is largely unknown, our study adds important information and might give an indication of the situation in their countries of origin.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

Vitamin D status in recently arrived immigrants from Africa and Asia: a cross-sectional study from Norway of children, adolescents and adults

et al. 2013

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ObjectivesTo estimate the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency (25(OH)D) <50 nmol/L among recently arrived immigrants from Africa and Asia in Oslo, and to explore 25(OH)D levels according to origin, gender and age.DesignA cross-sectional study.SettingPrimary healthcare unit in Oslo, Norway, offering family immigrants, asylum seekers, United Nations (UN) refugees or individuals granted asylum a free medical examination on arrival.ParticipantsAll individuals from African and Asian countries (n=591) referred to the Centre of Migrant Health, Health Agency, Oslo, Norway in 2010, estimated to cover 60% of the targeted population.Results25(OH)D <50 nmol/L was very prevalent in immigrants from the Middle East (81% (95% CI 75.4% to 86.6%)), South Sahara Africa (73% (CI 67.5% to 78.5%)) and South Asia (75% (CI 64.0% to 86.0%)), in contrast to East Asians (24% (CI 12.6% to 35.4%)), p<0.001 for differences. The prevalence of 25(OH)D<25 nmol/L was lower but followed the same pattern (Middle East: 38% (CI 31.1% to 45.0%), South Sahara Africa: 24% (CI 18.7% to 29.3%) and South Asia: 35% (CI 22.9% to 47.1%), although it was not observed in East Asians (p<0.001 for differences)). The ethnic differences persisted after adjusting for the duration of residence, seasonality and residence status in multiple linear regression analyses. Female adolescents from South Asia, the Middle East and South Sahara Africa had the lowest levels of 25(OH)D. Further, country-specific median levels of 25(OH)D were low (24–38 nmol/L) among groups from Somalia, Eritrea, Afghanistan and Iraq, the countries with the largest number of immigrants in our study.ConclusionsThe majority of recently settled immigrant groups from the Middle East, South Asia and Africa had 25(OH)D <50 nmol/L, in contrast to East Asians. Female adolescents from these regions had the lowest levels of 25(OH)D.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

Vitamin D status in recently arrived immigrants from Africa and Asia: a cross-sectional study from Norway of children, adolescents and adults

et al. 2013

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“…Women from Central American nations (Guatemala, El Salvador) who migrated seeking asylum in the 1980s may have a history of trauma from civil war, violence, and displacement. [45][46][47] Maternal life event stress and psychiatric disorders, possibly related to experiences of escaping wars and disasters, as well as nutritional deficiencies from famine, may be possible explanations for the increased risks observed in Central American, Vietnamese, and some African immigrant groups, [48][49][50][51][52][53] and are considered risk factors for lowfunctioning autism in offspring. 54,55 Dietary factors such as folic acid and vitamin D deficiencies, common among US black and Hispanic women 56,57 and in women from Vietnam and the Philippines, 58,59 could explain some of the increased risk of AD and AD-MR. [60][61][62][63] In comparison, folic acid [1995][1996][1997][1998][1999][2000][2001][2002][2003][2004][2005][2006], gestational age (,37 weeks or $37 weeks), birth weight (,2500, 2500-4500, or .4500 g), trimester start of prenatal care (no care, first, second, or third trimester), and any pregnancy complication (hypertension, renal, lung, or cardiac disease, asthma, pyelonephritis, diabetes, gestational diabetes, Rh sensitivity, hemoglobinopathy, uterine bleeding, hydramnios, incomplete cervix, sexually transmitted diseases, hepatitis B, rubella, other infections, prenatal tobacco use, and large fibroids).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Autism Spectrum Disorders and Race, Ethnicity, and Nativity: A Population-Based Study

Becerra¹,

Ehrenstein

Heck³

et al. 2014

Pediatrics

150

104

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OBJECTIVE: Our understanding of the influence of maternal race/ethnicity and nativity and childhood autistic disorder (AD) in African Americans/blacks, Asians, and Hispanics in the United States is limited. Phenotypic differences in the presentation of childhood AD in minority groups may indicate etiologic heterogeneity or different thresholds for diagnosis. We investigated whether the risk of developing AD and AD phenotypes differed according to maternal race/ethnicity and nativity. METHODS: Children born in Los Angeles County with a primary AD diagnosis at ages 3 to 5 years during 1998–2009 were identified and linked to 1995–2006 California birth certificates (7540 children with AD from a cohort of 1 626 354 births). We identified a subgroup of children with AD and a secondary diagnosis of mental retardation and investigated heterogeneity in language and behavior. RESULTS: We found increased risks of being diagnosed with AD overall and specifically with comorbid mental retardation in children of foreign-born mothers who were black, Central/South American, Filipino, and Vietnamese, as well as among US-born Hispanic and African American/black mothers, compared with US-born whites. Children of US African American/black and foreign-born black, foreign-born Central/South American, and US-born Hispanic mothers were at higher risk of exhibiting an AD phenotype with both severe emotional outbursts and impaired expressive language than children of US-born whites. CONCLUSIONS: Maternal race/ethnicity and nativity are associated with offspring’s AD diagnosis and severity. Future studies need to examine factors related to nativity and migration that may play a role in the etiology as well as identification and diagnosis of AD in children.

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“…Additionally, the current systematic literature reviews are prone to the heterogeneity related to observational studies. For example, for the studies focused on vitamin D and obesity the included studies recruited adults residing in a particular town [ 114 ], from medical centres [ 115 – 117 ], from sample surveys [ 2 , 118 ], and those undergoing bariatric surgery [ 53 ]. Children were recruited from schools [ 119 , 120 ], hospitals [ 121 , 122 ], and sample surveys [ 123 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Obesity and cancer: the role of vitamin D

et al. 2014

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BackgroundIt is estimated that 20% of all cancer cases are caused by obesity. Vitamin D is thought to be one of the mechanisms underlying this association. This review aims to summarise the evidence for the mediating effect of vitamin D on the link between obesity and cancer.MethodsThree literature searches using PubMed and Embase were conducted to assess whether vitamin D plays an important role in the pathway between obesity and cancer: (1) obesity and cancer; (2) obesity and vitamin D; and (3) vitamin D and cancer. A systematic review was performed for (1) and (3), whereas a meta-analysis including random effects analyses was performed for (2).Results(1) 32 meta-analyses on obesity and cancer were identified; the majority reported a positive association between obesity and risk of cancer. (2) Our meta-analysis included 12 original studies showing a pooled relative risk of 1.52 (95% CI: 1.33-1.73) for risk of vitamin D deficiency (<50 nmol/L) in obese people (body mass index >30 kg/m2). (3) 21 meta-analyses on circulating vitamin D levels and cancer risk were identified with different results for different types of cancer.ConclusionThere is consistent evidence for a link between obesity and cancer as well as obesity and low vitamin D. However, it seems like the significance of the mediating role of vitamin D in the biological pathways linking obesity and cancer is low. There is a need for a study including all three components while dealing with bias related to dietary supplements and vitamin D receptor polymorphisms.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/1471-2407-14-712) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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Effect of Country of Origin, Age, and Body Mass Index on Prevalence of Vitamin D Deficiency in a US Immigrant and Refugee Population

Cited by 20 publications

References 43 publications

Vitamin D status in recently arrived immigrants from Africa and Asia: a cross-sectional study from Norway of children, adolescents and adults

Vitamin D status in recently arrived immigrants from Africa and Asia: a cross-sectional study from Norway of children, adolescents and adults

Autism Spectrum Disorders and Race, Ethnicity, and Nativity: A Population-Based Study

Obesity and cancer: the role of vitamin D

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