“…Under quasi-static loading, stable cohesive failure usually prevails, whilst under dynamic loading, unstable failure characterized by stick-slip crack growth may occur (Blackman et al, 2009;Kanninen, 1974). In terms of energy absorption, the fracture toughness, Gc, may decrease with increasing Vext (Blackman et al, 2009;Sun et al, 2008), however, some workers have also reported that increasing Vext resulted in an increase in Gc (Carlberger et al, 2009;Schmandt and Marzi, 2018;Zhu et al, 2009). Cohesive Zone Models (CZMs), using tractionseparation laws (TSLs) to describe the mechanical properties across the failure interfaces, have been widely employed to analyse the fracture of adhesive joints and composite laminates.…”