Effect of Cynodon dactylon extract on white spot virus-infected Litopenaeus vannamei

Survival of White Spot Syndrome Virus–Infected Litopenaeus vannamei Fed with Ethanol Extract of Uncaria Tomentosa

“…The silica‐coated aluminum plates (0.25 mm, 60F245; Merck, Darmstadt, Germany) were used as stationary phase and the identification of each major chemical group present in EEUT was performed using the following solvents (Tomazelli Junior et al ): for terpenes and sterols, a mixture of 70% hexane to 30% of ethyl and p ‐anisaldehyde was used as mobile phase and reagent, respectively. Then, the precoated plates were heated at 100 C for 10 min for their visualization of these components.…”

“…Litopenaeus vannamei shrimp (weight 24.17 ± 2.07 g) were collected from growout ponds of the Laboratory of Marine Shrimps (LCM; Federal University of Santa Catarina, Santa Catarina, Brazil) and maintained in a round 100‐L fiberglass tank (Tomazelli Junior et al ). Natural seawater was used in all the experiments and shrimp were fed with artificial pelleted feed (Nicoluzzi ® with 32% crude protein, Santa Catarina, Brazil) reaching feeding levels of 0.36 g animal/d.…”

“…Natural seawater was used in all the experiments and shrimp were fed with artificial pelleted feed (Nicoluzzi ® with 32% crude protein, Santa Catarina, Brazil) reaching feeding levels of 0.36 g animal/d. Temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), and total ammonia nitrogen (TAN) were recorded daily at 0800 h, 1600 h, and midnight (Tomazelli Junior et al ). Salinity was measured with a salinometer (COD 3953; Alfakit, Florianópolis, Brazil), DO was measured with an oxygen meter (AT 160 SP; Alfakit), and TAN was estimated according to the method proposed by Koroleff ().…”

“…EEUT was incorporated at three different concentrations 1, 2, and 4%, (calculated on the total amount fed daily to shrimp) to commercially available artificial pelleted feed (32% of crude protein; Nicoluzzi). For coating, a protocol applied in a previous study (Tomazelli Junior et al ) and adapted from Balasubramanian et al () was used. EEUT solutions was mixed with the food pellets and incubated at room temperature for 30 min to allow the absorption of the plant extract and then coated with 0.5% food grade unflavored gelatin dissolved in water and gently mixed with the food pellets.…”

GC/MS identification and applications of bioactive seaweed extracts from Mediterranean coast of Egypt

“…Recently, majority of potential antibacterial natural products are produced from marine resources (Goyal et al, 2017;Nalini et al, 2018). Seaweed extracts or their isolated components have been utilized for treatment and/or prevention of shrimp and fish diseases (Chakraborty et al, 2014;Tomazelli Jr. et al, 2017) because of their nutritional, immunomodulatory, antiviral, antibacterial, and growth promoting activities (Cruz-Suárez et al, 2008;Fleurence et al, 2012;Milledge et al, 2016;Pádua et al, 2015;Sanjeewa et al, 2016). Encapsulation has been used for the protection of natural molecules against environmental conditions (Azzi et al, 2017;Gharib et al, 2017).…”