Effect of deep cryogenic treatment on martensitic lath refinement and nano-twins formation of low carbon bearing steel

Lü, Xin-yang; Wu, Z. W.; He, Xiao Cong; Li, Jun; Li, Shaohong; Yang, Maosheng; Zhao, Kun

doi:10.1007/s42243-019-00356-1

Cited by 5 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…Such behavior follows the cryogenic contraction theory [ 9 , 10 ] and the reduction in the tensile state of the material with DCT as determined for other metallic materials and alloys well [ 10 , 39 , 40 , 41 , 42 , 43 , 44 , 45 ]. This tremendous change (200 MPa reduction) in the stress state for the first group is a possible reason for the increased hardness with DCT, as it relates directly to the more rigid response of the material to external compressive stresses that are performed during hardness measurement.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 61%

Complex Interdependency of Microstructure, Mechanical Properties, Fatigue Resistance, and Residual Stress of Austenitic Stainless Steels AISI 304L

et al. 2023

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Stainless steels are important in various industries due to their unique properties and durable life cycle. However, with increasing demands for prolonged life cycles, better mechanical properties, and improved residual stresses, new treatment techniques, such as deep cryogenic treatment (DCT), are on the rise to further push the improvement in stainless steels. This study focuses on the effect of DCT on austenitic stainless steel AISI 304L, while also considering the influence of solution annealing temperature on DCT effectiveness. Both aspects are assessed through the research of microstructure, selected mechanical properties (hardness, fracture and impact toughness, compressive and tensile strength, strain-hardening exponent, and fatigue resistance), and residual stresses by comparing the DCT state with conventionally treated counterparts. The results indicate the complex interdependency of investigated microstructural characteristics and residual stress states, which is the main reason for induced changes in mechanical properties. The results show both the significant and insignificant effects of DCT on individual properties of AISI 304L. Overall, solution annealing at a higher temperature (1080 °C) showed more prominent results in combination with DCT, which can be utilized for different manufacturing procedures of austenitic stainless steels for various applications.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 61%

Complex Interdependency of Microstructure, Mechanical Properties, Fatigue Resistance, and Residual Stress of Austenitic Stainless Steels AISI 304L

et al. 2023

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“…A twinned structure is a commo feature in secondary hardening steels with a low martensite start temperature [20,21]. Lü et al [22] reported similar findings in a low-carbon bearing steel, and demonstrated tha…”

Section: Precipitation and Retained Austenitementioning

confidence: 77%

“…A twinned structure is a common feature in secondary hardening steels with a low martensite start temperature [20,21]. Lü et al [22] reported similar findings in a low-carbon bearing steel, and demonstrated that these twins were formed during quenching and tempering. Zhang [23] also found twins in a S53 steel that were produced during a quenching and deep cooling treatment.…”

Section: Precipitation and Retained Austenitementioning

confidence: 78%

Obtaining Excellent Mechanical Properties in an Ultrahigh-Strength Stainless Bearing Steel via Solution Treatment

Zheng,

Zhong,

Wang

et al. 2023

Metals

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A novel versatile ultrahigh-strength stainless bearing steel was prepared by first solution treating the steel at temperatures between 1000 °C and 1100 °C for 1 h, followed by performing cryogenic treatment at −73 °C for 2 h, and tempering at 500 °C for 2 h, with the cryogenic and tempering treatments being repeated twice. The microstructures were characterized using multiscale techniques, and the mechanical properties were investigated using tensile testing, as well as via Rockwell hardness and impact toughness measurements. Tensile strength was found to be independent of solution temperature, with a value of about 1800 MPa. In contrast, yield strength decreased from 1530 MPa to 1033 MPa with increasing solution temperature, while tensile elongation increased from 15.3% to 20.5%. This resulted in an excellent combined product of tensile strength and elongation for steels initially treated at 1080 °C and 1100 °C, with values of 33.9 GPa·% and 37.0 GPa·%, respectively. Furthermore, the steels showed excellent impact toughness, increasing from 37.0 J to 86.2 J with increasing solution temperature. The microstructural and mechanical investigations reveal that the excellent mechanical properties and impact toughness are related to three factors, namely (i) a transformation-induced plasticity effect, mainly attributed to a high volume fraction of retained austenite, (ii) a high strengthening capacity arising from a high dislocation density, and (iii) a synergistic effect due to cobalt additions and the nanoprecipitation of M2C and M6C carbides.

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“…Cryogenic and tempering treatment can promote the transformation of retained austenite and precipitate stable carbonitrides, resulting in a significant strengthening effect. [ 29–31 ] In addition, the severe quenching stress caused by martensitic transformation and high alloy elements contents can be also eliminated or reduced by tempering treatment. [ 32 ] The detailed processes are shown in Figure 1 .…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Impact of Prenitriding on the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of the Carburized Surface Layer in a Martensitic Stainless Steel

Tian

Song

Wang

et al. 2022

steel research int.

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Herein, it is proposed to obtain a favorable combination of microstructure and mechanical properties of martensitic stainless steel 14Cr14Co13Mo5 by prenitriding method before carburizing and appropriate heat treatment processes. The result indicates that the effective hardened layer depth is increased by 32% to 0.66 mm, and the hardness is significantly improved by prenitriding. The confocal laser scanning microscope and electron backscattered diffraction show that the prenitriding can effectively refine the martensite substructure of the carburized layer after quenching due to the refinement of prior austenite grain. In addition, plenty of second‐phase particles M2N with finer size appear at the same case layer depth instead of coarse M23C6 in the specimen prenitrided, which optimize the microstructure of the case layer.

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Effect of deep cryogenic treatment on martensitic lath refinement and nano-twins formation of low carbon bearing steel

Cited by 5 publications

References 32 publications

Complex Interdependency of Microstructure, Mechanical Properties, Fatigue Resistance, and Residual Stress of Austenitic Stainless Steels AISI 304L

Complex Interdependency of Microstructure, Mechanical Properties, Fatigue Resistance, and Residual Stress of Austenitic Stainless Steels AISI 304L

Obtaining Excellent Mechanical Properties in an Ultrahigh-Strength Stainless Bearing Steel via Solution Treatment

The Impact of Prenitriding on the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of the Carburized Surface Layer in a Martensitic Stainless Steel

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