Effect of Depression and Diabetes Mellitus on the Risk for Dementia

Abstract

IMPORTANCE Although depression and type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) may independently increase the risk for dementia, no studies have examined whether the risk for dementia among people with comorbid depression and DM is higher than the sum of each exposure individually.OBJECTIVE To examine the risk for all-cause dementia among persons with depression, DM, or both compared with persons with neither exposure. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTSWe performed a national population-based cohort study of 2 454 532 adults, including 477 133 (19.4%) with depression, 223 174 (9.1%) with DM, and 95 691 (3.9%) with both. We included all living Danish citizens 50 years or older who were free of dementia from January 1, 2007, through December 31, 2013 (followed up through December 31, 2013). Dementia was ascertained by physician diagnosis from the Danish National Patient Register or the Danish Psychiatric Central Register and/or by prescription of a cholinesterase inhibitor or memantine hydrochloride from the Danish National Prescription Registry. Depression was ascertained by psychiatrist diagnosis from the Danish Psychiatric Central Research Register or by prescription of an antidepressant from the Danish National Prescription Registry. Diabetes mellitus was identified using the National Diabetes Register. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURESWe estimated the risk for all-cause dementia associated with DM, depression, or both using Cox proportional hazards regression models that adjusted for potential confounding factors (eg, demographics) and potential intermediates (eg, medical comorbidities).RESULTS During 13 834 645 person-years of follow-up, 59 663 participants (2.4%) developed dementia; of these, 6466 (10.8%) had DM, 15 729 (26.4%) had depression, and 4022 (6.7%) had both. The adjusted hazard ratio for developing all-cause dementia was 1.83 (95% CI, 1.80-1.87) for persons with depression, 1.20 (95% CI, 1.17-1.23) for persons with DM, and 2.17 (95% CI, 2.10-2.24) for those with both compared with persons who had neither exposure. The excess risk for all-cause dementia observed for individuals with comorbid depression and DM surpassed the summed risk associated with each exposure individually, especially for persons younger than 65 years (hazard ratio, 4.84 [95% CI,). The corresponding attributable proportion due to the interaction of comorbid depression and DM was 0.25 (95% CI, 0.13-0.36; P < .001) for those younger than 65 years and 0.06 (95% CI, 0.02-0.10; P = .001) for those 65 years or older.CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Depression and DM were independently associated with a greater risk for dementia, and the combined association of both exposures with the risk for all-cause dementia was stronger than the additive association.

Hospital-treated mental and behavioral disorders and risk of Alzheimer's disease: A nationwide nested case-control study

“…Our findings are in line with previous studies on the higher prevalence of psychiatric morbidity in AD patients (4,5) and studies that investigated depression (7,8,39) as a risk factor for AD. Previous studies with narrow or non-existent time window between depression and AD/dementia reported an association between depression and AD/dementia (5,22,23) while studies with wider time window yielded inconsistent results (5,8,10,40).…”

Are Chronic Periodontitis and Gingivitis Associated with Dementia? A Nationwide, Retrospective, Matched-Cohort Study in Taiwan

“…Between 2011 and 2012, 130,000 people or 4.97% of those aged 65 years and over in Taiwan had dementia [2]. Diseases including diabetes mellitus [3,4,5], hypertension [6,7], hyperlipidemia [8], obesity [9,10], depression [11,12], traumatic brain injury [13,14], stroke [15,16], and chronic kidney disease [17,18] have been associated with an increased risk of dementia in previous studies.…”

Research aimed at improving both mood and weight (RAINBOW) in primary care: A type 1 hybrid design randomized controlled trial

“…In turn, this could help prevent long-term complications of these conditions, such as type 2 diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease, and dementia. 3,15,17,98 If successful, this study will offer the potential to change how obese and depressed adults are treated using an integrated multicondition collaborative care model in primary care.…”