Effect of Dietary Factors on Incidence of Type 2 Diabetes: A Systematic Review of Cohort Studies

Abstract

SummaryWe systematically reviewed cohort studies on the effect of nutrient and food intake (except for alcohol) on the incidence of type 2 diabetes , which had been published in English as of May 2004. Using the MEDLINE (PubMed) database as well as reference lists of searched papers, 15 individual cohort studies (a total of 31 papers) were identified . The number of subjects (n=895-85,060), follow-up length (5 .9-23y), the number of diabetes cases (n=74-4,085), dietary assessment method used (simple food questionnaire , food fre quency questionnaire, food frequency interview, diet history interview, and 24-h recall), and method of case ascertainment (questionnaire , oral glucose tolerance test, fasting glu cose level, death certificate, and nationwide registry) varied among studies . For nutrients, intakes of vegetable fat, polyunsaturated fatty acid , dietary fiber (particularly cereal fiber), magnesium, and caffeine were significantly inversely correlated and intakes of trans fatty acid and heme-iron, glycemic index, and glycemic load were significantly positively corre lated with the incidence of type 2 diabetes in several papers . For foods and food groups, several papers showed significantly decreased risk for type 2 diabetes with the higher con sumption of grain (particularly whole grain) and coffee, and significantly increased risk with processed meat consumption. Because all the studies were carried out in Western countries, however, research in non-Western countries including Japan is needed .

The Relationship between Dietary Habits, Blood Glucose and Insulin Levels among People without Cardiovascular Disease and Type 2 Diabetes; The ATTICA Study

“…The observed relationship between red meat and hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia and insulin sensitivity has been consistent with the findings of other studies [17,18]. The total fat content of red meat, particularly saturated fat, is believed to be one of the main contributors to the increased prevalence of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes [19].…”

Scientific Opinion on Dietary Reference Values for carbohydrates and dietary fibre

“…Several cohort studies have investigated the relationship between intake of total and individual carbohydrates and the risk of developing diabetes type 2 (Murakami et al, 2005;McKeown et al, 2004;Meyer et al, 2000). Generally, no or weak relations between total carbohydrate intake and diabetes risk were observed.…”

“…Most studies have found a decrease in risk with increasing intakes of cereal fibre (Murakami et al, 2005;Krishnan et al, 2007;Schulze et al, 2007) and whole grains (de Munter et al, 2007). Fewer studies have found a significant risk reduction with total dietary fibre intake (Salmerón et al, 1997a and1997b;Meyer et al, 2000;Montonen et al, 2003).…”

A Comparative Study of Lipids Extracted from Herring Roe Products and Fish Oil on Plasma Glucose and Adipocytokine Levels in ICR Aged Mice

“…Numerous studies and clinical investigations indicate that the onset of metabolic syndrome is associated with lifestyle disorders, such as insufficient exercise, smoking, unbalanced diet, and excess drinking and eating (Firdaus, 2005;Gill and Malkova, 2006;Morriss and Mohammed, 2005;Azadbakht et al, 2005;Riccardi et al, 2004). A variety of foods, and their components, have been proposed as useful agents in the prevention of the onset of metabolic syndrome (Shirai et al, 2006c;Shirai and Suzuki, 2003;Kao et al, 2006;Borek, 2006;Murakami et al, 2005). In particular, there is evidence that intake of fish oil containing eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n-3) may help prevent CHD and diabetes (Ebbesson et al, 2005;Lombardo and Chicco, 2006;Shirai and Suzuki, 2004;Carpentier et al, 2006).…”