“…Alternative substances, including probiotics ( Abdel-Moneim et al, 2020a , 2020c ; Shehata et al, 2021 ), prebiotics ( Abd El-Hack et al, 2022 ; Shehata et al, 2022 ), herbal extracts ( Abd El-Hack et al, 2019 ; Elbaz et al, 2021 ; Mesalam et al, 2021 ), traditional Chinese medicine ( TCM ) ( Dosoky et al, 2021 ; Saleh et al, 2021b ; Wang et al, 2022 ), essential oils ( Abd El-Hack et al, 2020 ; Elbaz et al, 2022 ), enzymes ( Saleh et al, 2020 , 2021a , 2022 ), and improved management practices ( Abo Ghanima et al, 2020 ; Saleh et al, 2021c ), can enhance the health and productivity of birds without the need for AGPs. Among these, herbal extracts and TCM have emerged as promising alternatives due to their natural plant products that possess antimicrobial, antioxidant, and immunomodulatory properties.…”