Effect of dietary supplementation with clay‐based binders on biochemical and histopathological changes in organs of turkey fed with aflatoxin‐contaminated diets

Abstract

This study was carried out to investigate the effect of dietary supplementation with molecular or nano-clay binders on biochemical and histopathological examination of organs of turkeys fed diets contaminated with aflatoxin B Two hundred and sixteen unsexed 1-day-old British United Turkeys were randomly allotted to nine diets in a 3 × 3 factorial arrangement of diets supplemented with no toxin binder, molecular toxin binder (MTB) and nano-clay toxin binder, each contaminated with 0, 60 and 110 ppb aflatoxin B respectively. There were three replicates per treatment with eight turkeys per replicate. Biochemical analyses, organ weights and histopathological changes of some organs were examined at the end of the study which lasted for 84 days. Turkeys fed diets supplemented with molecular and nano-binders showed higher (p < 0.001) total serum protein, reduced (p < 0.001) serum uric acid and GGT concentration values when compared with those fed aflatoxin-contaminated diets supplemented with no binder. Turkeys fed aflatoxin-contaminated diets supplemented with no binder had increased (p < 0.001) AST and ALT concentration when compared with other treatments. The heaviest (p < 0.001) liver and intestinal weight was noticed with turkeys fed diets supplemented with no binder and contaminated with 110 ppb aflatoxin B . Pathologically, there was no visible morphological alteration noticed in all turkeys fed uncontaminated diets and nano-clay-supplemented group. Hepatic paleness, hepatomegaly and yellowish discolouration of the liver were observed with turkeys fed diets containing no binder but contaminated with 60 and 110 ppb aflatoxin B1. Intestinal histopathological changes such as goblet cell hyperplasia, villous atrophy and diffuse lymphocytic enteritis were more prominent in turkeys fed diets containing no toxin binder and MTB. In conclusion, there were improved biochemical parameters and reduced deleterious effects of aflatoxin B in turkeys fed diet supplemented with clay binders. However, the improvement was more conspicuous in the nano-clay-supplemented group than molecular clay group.

Efficacy of powdered alfalfa leaves to ameliorate the toxic effects of aflatoxin B1 in turkey poults

“…However, the only enzyme in which a marked increase was observed in the AF+YCW group was the ALT. Lala et al ( 2016 ) reported that ALT levels showed a significant increase in poultry fed with 60 ng AFB 1 /g feed, which is consistent with our findings.…”

“…1 b). Previous studies have reported histopathological alterations in the liver of poultry fed with AFB 1 levels ranging from 50 to 1000 ng AFB 1 /g (Giambrone et al 1985 ; Sridhar et al 2015 ; Lala et al 2016 ; Hernández-Ramírez et al 2021 ; Xie et al 2022 ). These alterations include vacuolar degeneration, fatty liver, hemorrhage, congestion, leukocyte infiltration, bile duct hyperplasia, hypertrophy, and portal fibrosis.…”

“…Aflatoxins are mycotoxins composed of a pentacyclic structure with a difuran and coumarin skeleton and are mainly produced by fungal species of the genus Aspergillus (Lala et al 2016 ). Aflatoxin B 1 (AFB 1 ) is ubiquitous in rations intended for poultry consumption, and this molecule possesses the most powerful carcinogenic, teratogenic, mutagenic, and immunosuppressive potential (Rawal et al 2010 ).…”

Harmful Effects and Control Strategies of Aflatoxin B1 Produced by Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus Strains on Poultry: Review

“…Thus, when the AFB 1 produced by the same fungal strain and the animal model was not changed, the doses of different AFB 1 binders that induced the same effect (binding AFB 1 and protecting birds from its toxic effects) varied [31,60,135], probably due to differences in the efficiency of AFB 1 binders. Therefore, a new option consisting of an AF nano-binder has been developed, where adding 2.5 g of nano-clay/kg diet contaminated with 110 μg AFB 1 /kg was more efficient at improving the productivity of turkeys by protecting the liver, kidney, and intestine, as well as for enhancing their functions compared with molecular clay [137,138]. In addition, adding nano-composite magnetic graphene oxide with chitosan (5.0 g/kg diet) decreased the concentration of AFB 1 in the intestine from 18 μg to 6 μg/kg and increased body weight gain and FCR to the levels achieved with an AFB 1 -free diet when chickens consumed a diet contaminated with 22 μg AFB 1 /kg produced by A. parasiticus (FRR 2999) [29].…”