Effect of Diets Supplemented with Live Food on the Foraging Behavior of Cultured Fall Chinook Salmon

Maynard, Desmond J.; McDowell, Gail C.; Tezak, Eugene P.; Flagg, Thomas A.

doi:10.1577/1548-8640(1996)058<0187:eodswl>2.3.co;2

Cited by 41 publications

(41 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…Consequently, releasing fish during a period of compensatory growth may counter the otherwise beneficial effects that variable food regime and environmental enrichment may provide. Previously it has been suggested that providing a diet that reflects naturally occurring food would be one way to improve survival in hatchery-reared fish (Maynard et al 1996). But the reality is that such an approach will be impossible for large-scale production of fish, because rearing sufficient quantities of live invertebrate prey is too costly and too labour intensive.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of habitat enrichment and food availability on the foraging behaviour of juvenile Atlantic Cod (Gadus morhua L)

et al. 2011

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The environment can play an important role in shaping how an animal behaves, and how well the animal performs in a particular environment can be influenced by early experiences. The tradition of releasing captive-reared juveniles into the wild in an effort to strengthen wild fish populations has often had little success owing to high post-release mortality. Fish reared under standard hatchery conditions are provided with fewer stimuli and they receive excess quantities of pellet food that are easy to handle and consume. Captive reared fish therefore appear to be under-stimulated and overfed. Several studies have demonstrated that simple structural enrichment in the rearing facilities promotes flexible behaviour compared to fish reared in plain, standard hatchery tanks. Less attention has been given to the effects of the diet. Here we use a cross-factored design to test the relative role of food ration and spatial enrichment on foraging behaviour. Our results show that fish from enriched environments, regardless of previous food-ration size, were more reluctant to start feeding on the first day in a novel arena. On day two and three, however, fish with prior experience of a low food ration showed greater foraging activity and efficiency than fish fed on full rations. On the second and third day, prior experience with enrichment was less important. We discuss how early feeding experience in combination with structural enrichment may contribute in producing fish that are better suited for release into the wild.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of habitat enrichment and food availability on the foraging behaviour of juvenile Atlantic Cod (Gadus morhua L)

et al. 2011

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“…The success of conservation programs that use hatchery steelhead can hinge upon fish successfully feeding after release (Massee et al 2007). The condition of most hatchery salmonids have been shown to deteriorate after release, and may be accompanied by acute post-release mortality (Miller 1952;Vincent 1960;Reimers 1963;Suboski and Templeton 1989) due to an inability to recognize available food (Sosiak et al 1979;Maynard et al 1996;Massee et al 2007), decreases in foraging time (Bachman 1984), and poor feeding efficiency (Ersbak and Haase 1983;Maynard Factor Sum of squares . 1996;Sundstrom and Johnsson 2001).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Seasonal foraging and piscivory by sympatric wild and hatchery-reared steelhead from an integrated hatchery program

2009

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We compared the diet of hatchery-reared steelhead produced from an integrated hatchery program as emigrating spring smolts and nonmigrating hatchery residuals to their sympatric wild counterparts. Our results suggest that there is a potential for hatchery fish to affect wild steelhead populations due to dietary overlap and subyearling salmonid predation; however, relative ecological risk did not increase as steelhead delayed or forwent emigration. Predation by hatchery smolts was related to release timing, but not experience with native fish. Diet composition appears to be more strongly affected by seasonal and yearly differences in prey abundance and presence rather than differences in rearing environments. Hatchery and wild steelhead showed small but important foraging differences. Hatchery smolts did not consume as many salmonids as wild fish and hatchery residuals showed relatively stronger surface oriented feeding behavior than wild parr. Because most hatchery smolts emigrated shortly after release and the overall number of residuals in the study creek was low, we speculate that in this case there is low dietary and predatory-based risk of hatchery steelhead in Abernathy Creek negatively impacting wild salmonids.

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“…An impending study is to test the differences in these physiological parameters between hatchery and wild fish. Additionally, Maynard et al (1996) reported that diets supplemented with aquatic insects can increase the post-release foraging effectiveness of hatchery chinook salmon (O. tshawytscha). Olla and Davis (1989) found that learning predation and not being handled enhanced predator avoidance in hatchery coho salmon.…”

Section: -2 Perspectives For Studies On the Improvement Of Seed Promentioning

confidence: 99%

Studies on Improvement of Seed Production Techniques in Salmonids and Osmerids

Mizuno¹

2012

Aqua-BioSci. Monogr. (ABSM)

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anadromous and stream-resident types. The anadromous type migrates to the ocean in spring after spending 1 or 2 years in the streams. Before the seaward migration, they undergo smoltification, a series of behavioral, morphological, physiological and biochemical changes controlled by multiple hormonal pathways (Hoar 1988) that transform the freshwater parr into a seaward-migratory smolt. After 1 year of life in the ocean, the fish return to their natal stream in spring and spawn in autumn (Kubo 1980;Machidori and Kato 1984;Kato 1991). For the artificial propagation of masu salmon, hatchery-reared (hatchery) juveniles, originating from artificial insemination and fed a commercial food in hatcheries, are released into streams (Mayama 1992). Effects of masu salmon propagation, which are expressed as the recovery rate of released hatchery seed, are of 0.41 to 2.12% (Miyakoshi 2006), while the recovery rate of chum salmon artificial propagation was >10% (Taya 1989). In other Salmon and Freshwater Fisheries Research Institute Fisheries Research Department Local Independent Administrative Agency Hokkaido Research Organization 3-373, Kitakashiwagi, Eniwa, Hokkaido 061-1433, Japan e-mail: mizuno-shinya@hro.or.jp Abstract Anadromous salmonids and osmerids are artificially propagated in Japan by release of their seeds. However, there are many unsolved problems in the techniques of their propagation. In the present monograph, studies on the improvement of seed production techniques in 4 fishes (masu salmon Oncorhynchus masou, chum salmon O. keta, shishamo smelt Spirinchus lanceolatus and Japanese smelt Hypomesus nipponensis) were outlined. Techniques to evaluate dorsal fin pigmentation during smoltification as an external seed quality, and to improve seed quality of hatchery-reared fish, and the discovery of metabolic problems in hatchery-reared fish were described in yearling masu salmon. In underyearling masu salmon, techniques to evaluate nutritional conditions using kidney melano-macrophage density was developed, and applied to the evaluation of the nutritional condition in hatchery-reared fish after release. In chum salmon fry, the development of techniques to monitor the physical condition and to find its appropriate culture conditions was reviewed. In egg cultures of shishamo and Japanese smelt, techniques to eliminate egg adhesiveness with treatments of kaolin or scallop shell powder suspension were established in order to improve hatching rates. In addition, the appropriate embryogenetic stage for the release of shishamo smelt embryos was demonstrated. Consequently, this monograph reveals that these techniques contribute directly to the development of artificial propagation in some salmonids and osmerids. Studies on Improvement of Seed Production Techniques in Salmonids and Osmerids Shinya Mizuno

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Effect of Diets Supplemented with Live Food on the Foraging Behavior of Cultured Fall Chinook Salmon

Cited by 41 publications

References 12 publications

Effects of habitat enrichment and food availability on the foraging behaviour of juvenile Atlantic Cod (Gadus morhua L)

Effects of habitat enrichment and food availability on the foraging behaviour of juvenile Atlantic Cod (Gadus morhua L)

Seasonal foraging and piscivory by sympatric wild and hatchery-reared steelhead from an integrated hatchery program

Studies on Improvement of Seed Production Techniques in Salmonids and Osmerids

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