Abstract. Forest liming is a management tool that has and continues to be used
extensively across northern Europe to counteract acidification processes
from anthropogenic sulfur and nitrogen (N) deposition. In this study, we
quantified how liming affects soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks and attempt
to disentangle the mechanisms responsible for the often contrasting
processes that regulate net soil carbon (C) fluxes. Using a paired plot
experimental design we compared SOC stocks in limed plots with adjacent
unlimed control plots at 28 experimental sites to 60 cm soil depth in mature
broadleaf and coniferous forests across Germany. Historical soil data from a
subset of the paired experiment plots were analyzed to assess how SOC stocks
in both control and limed plots changed between 1990 and 2019. Overall, we found that forest floor C stocks have been accumulating over
time in the control plots. Liming however largely offset organic layer
buildup in the L/Of layer, and forest floor C stocks remained unchanged
over time in the limed plots. This, in turn, meant that nutrients remained
mobile and were not bound in soil organic matter complexes. Results from the
paired plot analysis showed that forest floor C stocks were significantly
lower in limed plots than the control (−34 %, −8.4 ± 1.7 Mg C ha−1) but did not significantly affect SOC stocks in the
mineral soil, when all sites are pooled together. In the forest floor
layers, SOC stocks exhibited an exponential decrease with increasing pH,
highlighting how lime-induced improvements in the biochemical environment
stimulate organic matter (OM) decomposition. Nevertheless, for both forest
floor and mineral soils, the magnitude and direction of the belowground C
changes hinged directly on the inherent site characteristics, namely, forest
type (conifer versus broadleaf), soil pH, soil texture, and the soil SOC
stocks. On the other hand, SOC stock decreases were often offset by other
processes that fostered C accumulation, such as improved forest productivity
or increased carbon stabilization, which correspondingly translated to an
overall variable response by SOC stocks, particularly in the mineral soil. Lastly, we measured soil carbon dioxide (CO2) and soil methane
(CH4) flux immediately after a re-liming event at three of the
experimental sites. Here, we found that (1) liming doubles CH4 uptake
in the long-term; (2) soil organic matter mineralization
processes respond quickly to liming, even though the duration and size of
the CO2 flush varied between sites; and (3) lime-derived CO2
contributed very little to total CO2 emissions over the measurement
period (determined using stable isotope approaches).