Effect of different types of vulcanization systems on the mechanical properties of natural rubber vulcanizates in the presence of oil palm leaves-based antioxidant

Shuhaimi, N.H.H.; Ishak, Nuril Izzeaty; Othman, Nadras; Ismail, Hanafi; Sasidharan, Sreenivasan

doi:10.1177/0095244313489910

Cited by 17 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 21 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Cure extent value, which is related to the cross-link density of the vulcanizates, were calculated as difference between maximum and minimum torque values of the cure curves (MH À ML). Cure rate index (CRI) was calculated using equation (1). As seen in Table 2, conventional vulcanization system, which was constituted with high sulfur level, resulted almost 10% more cure extent than EV system.…”

Section: Rheological Propertiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Natural rubber (NR) is the most widely used raw material for many industrial applications requiring satisfactory mechanical strength, adhesion ability, and resilience. 1,2 It is mainly consumed in tire and anti-vibration material production as 42% of total. 3 Molecular weight of NR is approximately 200.000-400.000 g.mol -1 representing 3.000-5.000 isoprene units and same level of double bonds.…”

Section: Introductıonmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Shuhaimi et.al. 1 investigated antioxidation ability of palm tree oil for various NR vulcanization systems by comparing with that of TMQ. Tensile and tear strength values were measured for evaluating aging resistance.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

An alternative antioxidant for sulfur-vulcanized natural rubber: Henna

Öncel

Kurtoglu

Karaagac

2018

Journal of Elastomers & Plastics

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Oxidative aging of natural rubber (NR) leads to the deterioration in the physical and mechanical properties. Using various antioxidants during compounding is a common way to improve the aging resistance of NR. The most widespread used antioxidants are phenolic and amine-based synthetic antioxidants and 2,2,4-trimethyl-1,2-dihydroquinoline in rubber industry. However, synthetic antioxidants cause some environmental problems during their production and tend to be replaced by natural alternatives. In this study, henna has been evaluated as a natural antioxidant in NR-based rubber compounds for efficient and conventional sulfur vulcanization systems. Performance of henna was evaluated in terms of rheological, mechanical, aging, and temperature scanning stress-relaxation properties of the compounds. It has been concluded that henna could be used as an alternative antioxidant for sulfur vulcanization of natural rubber matrix, compensating little deteriorations in vulcanizate properties. Short- and long-term performances of henna were also found to be related to vulcanization system.

show abstract

Section: Rheological Propertiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductıonmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

An alternative antioxidant for sulfur-vulcanized natural rubber: Henna

Öncel

Kurtoglu

Karaagac

2018

Journal of Elastomers & Plastics

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…It is well-accepted that the network structures formed in the rubber depend on several factors, including, the curing system and degree of crosslink density [3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11]. The hardness and tensile modulus of rubber are generally enhanced linearly with the increasing crosslink density in all crosslink systems.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Vulcanization Systems and Crosslink Density on Tensile Properties and Network Structures of Natural Rubber

et al. 2022

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The mechanical properties of natural rubber (NR) vulcanizate depend strongly on several factors, i.e., vulcanization systems and crosslink density. These two parameters are originally from the formulation design of the vulcanizate. To focus more on such details, influences of three different vulcanization systems (sulfur, peroxide, and phenolic resin) with variations in their crosslink densities were studied by focusing on the change of curing properties, crosslink densities, mechanical properties and network structures of the NR vulcanizates. The crosslink density of various vulcanization systems increased with increasing curing promotors, as revealed by temperature scanning stress relaxation measurement. The tensile modulus at 100% strain increased with increasing crosslink density in all systems but the tensile strength varied with the vulcanization systems and degree of crosslink density. At the same crosslink level, the greatest tensile strength was obtained when the sulfur was used as a crosslinker, which was 100% greater than those obtained from peroxide and 200% over phenolic systems. In comparison to the phenolic resin system, sulfur and peroxide crosslink systems had a more uniform distribution of the crosslink network structure. The size of the network structure was found to be independent of the tensile strength. The peroxide system had the most uniform distribution of the crosslink network structure.

show abstract

“…As the matrix of tire composites, rubber is generally considered a hydrophobic material, but temperature and moisture erosion will in fact affect its degradation [ 10 , 11 ]. Therefore, many studies focused only on the whole-tire durability studies in hot oxygen and ozone environments.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hydrothermal Aging Mechanisms of All-Steel Radial Tire Composites

Jiang

Zhang

et al. 2022

Polymers

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

This work focused on the effects of the hydrothermal environment on the aging of all-steel radial tire (ASRT) composites. Composite specimens were conditioned by immersion in deionized water at 30, 60 and 90 °C. Its water absorption, thermal and mechanical properties (tensile strength, elasticity modulus, elongation at break and interfacial shear strength), morphological structure, as well as molecular cross-linking reaction were investigated before and after aging. Results indicated that there was no dynamic equilibrium of water absorption of ASRT composites after deviating from the Fickian model. The molecular cross-linking density of the rubber matrix showed an increase in the early stage of aging. Then, the mechanical properties suffered of a drop due to the degradation of the rubber matrix and the poor interface between the steel fiber and rubber matrix. Additionally, a systematic hygrothermal aging mechanism was proposed.

show abstract

Effect of different types of vulcanization systems on the mechanical properties of natural rubber vulcanizates in the presence of oil palm leaves-based antioxidant

Cited by 17 publications

References 21 publications

An alternative antioxidant for sulfur-vulcanized natural rubber: Henna

An alternative antioxidant for sulfur-vulcanized natural rubber: Henna

Effect of Vulcanization Systems and Crosslink Density on Tensile Properties and Network Structures of Natural Rubber

Hydrothermal Aging Mechanisms of All-Steel Radial Tire Composites

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About