Effect of different vaccine strategies for the control of Japanese encephalitis in mainland China from 1961 to 2020: A quantitative analysis

Shi, Tianshan; Meng, Lu; Li, Donghua; Jin, Na; Zhao, Xiangkai; Zhang, Xiaoshu; Liu, Yanchen; Zheng, Hongmiao; Zhao, Xin; Li, Juansheng; Shen, Xiping; Ren, Xiaowei

doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2022.09.030

Cited by 8 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…China included JE vaccine in the national immunization program in 2008. Therefore, most people born before 2008 also had not received JE vaccine and their antibody positivity rate for JE was low 10 . In this study, we also observed that the proportion of JE cases in adults aged ≥20 years in Gansu Province began to reverse with JE cases in children since 2013, with the incidence of JE in adults increasing and surpassing the JE incidence of children and adolescents.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 55%

“…In China, Gansu Province is one of the poorest economic regions 14 . Therefore, the coverage rate of JE vaccine in Gansu Province was not very high before China included JE vaccine in the national immunization program in 2008 10 . In addition, Gansu Province has a lot of rural villages and farmers, and the poorer rural sanitation and a large number of farms provide very favorable conditions for the breeding of JEV hosts 15 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…9 To control the epidemic of JE, China started to use the inactivated P3 vaccine (Beijing-P3 strain) in regions with a high prevalence of JE in 1968, and a total of five doses of this JE vaccine are required (two doses at 12 months, followed by one dose at 2, 6 and 10 years of age). 10 In 1988, China switched to using a more efficient SA 14-14-2 live-attenuated vaccine (Passaging SA-14 strain) for nonfree vaccination of the population, and a total of three doses of this vaccine are required (two doses at 8 months of age and one dose at 2 years of age). 10,11 Since then, with the gradual increase in the vaccination rate, the incidence of JE in China has gradually declined.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Adults in Northwest China experienced the largest outbreak of Japanese encephalitis in history 10 years after the Japanese encephalitis vaccine was included in the national immunization program: A retrospective epidemiological study

Zhang

Jin

et al. 2023

Journal of Medical Virology

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Mainland China included Japanese encephalitis (JE) vaccine in the national immunization program in 2008 to control the JE epidemic. However, Gansu province in Western China experienced the largest JE outbreak since 1958 in 2018.We conducted a retrospective epidemiological study to explore the causes of this outbreak. We found that adults aged ≥20 years (especially those in rural areas) were the main JE cases in Gansu Province, with a significant increase in the JE incidence in older adults aged ≥60 years in 2017 and 2018. In addition, JE outbreaks in Gansu Province were mainly located in the southeastern region, while the temperature and precipitation in Gansu Province were gradually increasing in recent years, which made the JE epidemic areas in Gansu Province gradually spread to the western of Gansu Province. We also found that adults aged ≥20 years in Gansu Province had lower JE antibody positivity than children and infants, and the antibody positivity rate decreased with age. In the summer of 2017 and 2018, the density of mosquitoes (mainly the Culex tritaeniorhynchus) in Gansu Province was significantly higher than in other years, and the genotype of JEV was mainly Genotype-G1.Therefore, in the future JE control in Gansu Province, we need to strengthen JE vaccination for adults. Moreover, strengthening mosquito surveillance can provide early warning of JE outbreaks and the spread of epidemic areas in Gansu Province.At the same time, strengthening JE antibody surveillance is also necessary for JE control.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 55%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Adults in Northwest China experienced the largest outbreak of Japanese encephalitis in history 10 years after the Japanese encephalitis vaccine was included in the national immunization program: A retrospective epidemiological study

Zhang

Jin

et al. 2023

Journal of Medical Virology

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“…The pre-intervention time variable was X 1 (taking values of 1, 2, 3, ..., n), the intervention variable was X 2 (0 prior to January 2020, 1 from January 2020), the post-intervention time variable was X 3 (0 prior to January 2020, with values of 0, 1, 2, …, n in order by month from January 2020), and ε was the random error term not explained by the outcome variable. The ITS model was: where β 0 is the rate at the beginning, β 1 represents the trend in the rate before COVID-19, β 2 is the level change in the rate in the short term (within January 2020), which reflects the immediate impact of COVID-19 on the rate, β 3 is the slope change in the rate after the onset of the COVID-19 epidemic (from January 2020 to December 2020), which reflects the long-term impact of COVID-19 on the rate, and β 1 +β 3 represents the trend in the rate after COVID-19 [ 2 , 22 , 32 ].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…where β 0 is the rate at the beginning, β 1 represents the trend in the rate before COVID-19, β 2 is the level change in the rate in the short term (within January 2020), which reflects the immediate impact of COVID-19 on the rate, β 3 is the slope change in the rate after the onset of the COVID-19 epidemic (from January 2020 to December 2020), which reflects the long-term impact of COVID-19 on the rate, and β 1 +β 3 represents the trend in the rate after COVID-19 [2,22,32].…”

Section: Interrupted Time Series Designmentioning

confidence: 99%

Immediate and long-term changes in the epidemiology, infection spectrum, and clinical characteristics of viral and bacterial respiratory infections in Western China after the COVID-19 outbreak: a modeling study

et al. 2023

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Background The impact of COVID-19 on the epidemiology, clinical characteristics, and infection spectrum of viral and bacterial respiratory infections in Western China is unknown. Methods We conducted an interrupted time series analysis based on surveillance of acute respiratory infections (ARI) in Western China to supplement the available data. Results The positive rates of influenza virus, Streptococcus pneumoniae , and viral and bacterial coinfections decreased, but parainfluenza virus, respiratory syncytial virus, human adenovirus, human rhinovirus, human bocavirus, non-typeable Haemophilus influenzae , Mycoplasma pneumoniae , and Chlamydia pneumoniae infections increased after the onset of the COVID-19 epidemic. The positive rate for viral infection in outpatients and children aged <5 years increased, but the positive rates of bacterial infection and viral and bacterial coinfections decreased, and the proportion patients with clinical symptoms of ARI decreased after the onset of the COVID-19 epidemic. Non-pharmacological interventions reduced the positive rates of viral and bacterial infections in the short term but did not have a long-term limiting effect. Moreover, the proportion of ARI patients with severe clinical symptoms (dyspnea and pleural effusion) increased in the short term after COVID-19, but in the long-term, it decreased. Conclusions The epidemiology, clinical characteristics, and infection spectrum of viral and bacterial infections in Western China have changed, and children will be a high-risk group for ARI after the COVID-19 epidemic. In addition, the reluctance of ARI patients with mild clinical symptoms to seek medical care after COVID-19 should be considered. In the post-COVID-19 era, we need to strengthen the surveillance of respiratory pathogens.

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Trends in temporal and spatial changes of Japanese encephalitis in Chinese mainland, 2004–2019: A population-based surveillance study

Sun,

Fu,

et al. 2024

Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease

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Effect of different vaccine strategies for the control of Japanese encephalitis in mainland China from 1961 to 2020: A quantitative analysis

Cited by 8 publications

References 36 publications

Adults in Northwest China experienced the largest outbreak of Japanese encephalitis in history 10 years after the Japanese encephalitis vaccine was included in the national immunization program: A retrospective epidemiological study

Adults in Northwest China experienced the largest outbreak of Japanese encephalitis in history 10 years after the Japanese encephalitis vaccine was included in the national immunization program: A retrospective epidemiological study

Immediate and long-term changes in the epidemiology, infection spectrum, and clinical characteristics of viral and bacterial respiratory infections in Western China after the COVID-19 outbreak: a modeling study

Trends in temporal and spatial changes of Japanese encephalitis in Chinese mainland, 2004–2019: A population-based surveillance study

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