Effect of dilution conditions and driving parameters on nucleation mode particles in diesel exhaust: Laboratory and on-road study

Rönkkö, Topi; Virtanen, Annele; Vaaraslahti, K.; Keskinen, Jorma; Pirjola, Liisa; Lappi, Maija

doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2006.01.002

Cited by 174 publications

(100 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…Chase studies of diesel vehicles have been reported by Kittelson et al (2000Kittelson et al ( , 2004; Vogt et al (2003); Giechaskiel et al (2005); and Rönkkö et al (2006). According to Kittelson et al (2000) and Giechaskiel et al (2005) the soot particle mode shows good agreement between the laboratory and on-road measurements.…”

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confidence: 57%

“…This data were omitted from results. In the laboratory and chase measurements the nucleation mode existence and peak diameter show great variation (Kittelson et al, 2004;Vaaraslahti et al, 2004;Rönkkö et al, 2006). The reported traffic related nucleation mode GMDs measured in roadside or traffic tunnel have a surprisingly constant values close to 20 nm.…”

Section: Characteristics Of Road-side Distributionsmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…In the study of particle emissions of the diesel passenger car (Giechaskiel et al, 2005) the appearance of nucleation mode in the laboratory was similar to the on-road measurements, but the size of the particles were larger in the laboratory due to the lower dilution ratios. For a heavy duty vehicle, Rönkkö et al (2006) found higher nucleation mode concentrations during the chase than in the laboratory, but reported similar behavior as a function of engine load. The nucleation mode formation takes place immediately after the exhaust has been emitted from tail pipe.…”

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confidence: 90%

“…The nucleation mode formation takes place immediately after the exhaust has been emitted from tail pipe. According to Rönkkö et al (2006) the nucleation mode was completely formed within 0.5 s of the emission into the atmosphere. The nucleation process is at present qualitatively understood, but the details are not known.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…According to Imhof et al (2005a); Janhäll et al (2004); Ketzel et al (2004) and Wåhlin et al (2001) the size distributions measured at the roadside were dominated by nucleation mode particles with a relatively constant peak size of 20 nm. In laboratory and chase measurements the nucleation mode existence and peak diameter show great variation (Kittelson et al, 2004;Vaaraslahti et al, 2004;Rönkkö et al, 2006). The geometric standard deviation (GSD) of the nucleation mode measured in the engine laboratory is typically around 1.3-1.7.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Winter and summer time size distributions and densities of traffic-related aerosol particles at a busy highway in Helsinki

et al. 2006

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Abstract. Number concentrations and size distributions of traffic related aerosol particles were measured at a roadside in Helsinki during two winter campaigns (10-26 February 2003, 28 January-12 February 2004 and two summer campaigns (12-27 August 2003, 6-20 August 2004. The measurements were performed simultaneously at distances of 9 m and 65 m from the highway. Total number concentrations were measured by a condensation particle counter (CPC) and particle size distributions by a scanning mobility particle sizer (SMPS) and an electrical low pressure impactor (ELPI). This study concentrates on data that were measured when the wind direction was from the road to the measurement site. The total concentrations in the wintertime were 2-3 times higher than in the summertime and the concentrations were dominated by nucleation mode particles. The particles smaller than 63 nm (aerodynamic diameter) constituted ∼90% of all particles in the wintertime and ∼80% of particles in the summer time. The particle total concentration increased with increasing traffic rate. The effect of traffic rate on particles smaller than 63 nm was stronger than on the larger particles. The particle distributions at the roadside consisted of two distinguishable modes. The geometric mean diameter (GMD) of nucleation mode (Mode 1) was 20.3 nm in summer and 18.9 nm in winter. The GMD of the larger mode consisting mostly of traffic related soot particles (Mode 2) was 72.0 nm in summer and 75.1 nm in winter. The GMD values of the modes did not depend on the traffic rate. The average particle density for each mode was determined by a parallel density fitting method based on the size distribution measurement made by ELPI and SMPS. The average density value for Mode 1 particles Correspondence to: A. Virtanen (annele.virtanen@tut.fi) was 1.0±0.13 g/cm 3 and 1.0±0.07 g/cm 3 both in summer and winter respectively, while the average density value for Mode 2 was 1.5±0.1 g/cm 3 and 1.8±0.3 g/cm 3 for summer and winter, respectively.

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confidence: 57%

Section: Characteristics Of Road-side Distributionsmentioning

confidence: 98%

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confidence: 90%

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confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

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Winter and summer time size distributions and densities of traffic-related aerosol particles at a busy highway in Helsinki

et al. 2006

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Particle Formation and Models

Kittelson

Kraft

2014

Encyclopedia of Automotive Engineering

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This chapter reviews work on aerosols originating from internal combustion engines with an emphasis on soot formation during combustion as well as formation of semi‐volatile and ash particles during combustion and subsequent cooling and dilution processes. Mathematical models of particle formation in engines and remaining modeling challenges are also discussed. Aerosols are formed during combustion in the cylinder, in the exhaust system, and after the tailpipe. Specific mechanisms include the injection of fuel, formation and oxidation of particles during combustion, exhaust gas recirculation (EGR), and condensation of semi‐volatiles. The role of fuels is discussed with respect to their ignition behavior as a consequence of mixture preparation in the cylinder and with respect to their sooting propensity. Models for the formation, growth, and oxidation of soot particles are presented and the most popular mathematical approaches for simulating particle emissions are introduced. Solid and semi‐volatile nucleation mode particles are also discussed in some detail. Key drivers in the formation of these particles are sulfur in the fuel and lubricating oil and metals in the lubricating oil. Particle emissions of different types of gasoline engines with and without aftertreatment are also discussed and compared with diesel engine emissions. Some of the shortcomings of the current models and future research areas are highlighted at the end.

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Emission, Transformation, and Fate of Nanoparticles in the Atmosphere

Kumar¹,

Al‐Dabbous²

2016

Engineered Nanoparticles and the Environment: Biophysicochemical Processes and Toxicity

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Effect of dilution conditions and driving parameters on nucleation mode particles in diesel exhaust: Laboratory and on-road study

Cited by 174 publications

References 20 publications

Winter and summer time size distributions and densities of traffic-related aerosol particles at a busy highway in Helsinki

Winter and summer time size distributions and densities of traffic-related aerosol particles at a busy highway in Helsinki

Particle Formation and Models

Emission, Transformation, and Fate of Nanoparticles in the Atmosphere

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