Effect of dilution degree of commercial nectar and provision of fruit on food, energy and nutrient intake in two rainbow lorikeet subspecies

Kalmar, Isabelle; Loon, Marjolein Van; Bürkle, Marcellus; Reinschmidt, M; Waugh, David R.; Werquin, G; Janssens, Geert

doi:10.1002/zoo.20240

Cited by 8 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…Comparable trials done on lorikeets in captivity, energy intake of T. haematodus (haematodus and mitchelli) varied between 765 and 987 kJ ME/kg MBW with the lowest energy intake being on the low “nectar” concentration treatment, which agrees with our results (Kalmar et al, ). Kalmar et al () used the same estimation equations for determination of ME as Häbich (), whereas we used the digestibility coefficients in the results of Häbich (). This explains why our results are in the lower end of Kalmar et al ()’s range.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

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Feeding cluster preferences in four genera of Lories and Lorikeets (Loriinae) that should be considered in the diet of nectarivorous psittacine species in captivity

Cabana¹,

Lee²

2018

Animal Physiology Nutrition

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Lories and lorikeets are popular birds in the pet bird trade, captured from the wild and exported worldwide. Their captive propagation has not been so successful for many species due to health issues, low breeding success and reduced longevity. As a result, uptake from the wild is currently the only way to meet the market’s demand. Field studies on Asian species of loris and lorikeets are limited; therefore, dietary recommendations are based on the well‐studied Australian species such as the rainbow lorikeet (Trichoglossus moluccanus). We aimed to provide an ad libitum diet to diverse Loriinae species at Jurong Bird Park (Singapore) which allowed for them to select between a low and moderate protein diet to compare their nutrient and energy intake with other Loriinae species. We measured the following variables: daily dry matter (DM) intake, nectar‐to‐fruit energy intake ratio (NF ratio), metabolisable energy (ME), protein and non‐protein energy (NPE)‐to‐protein energy (PE) ratio intake (all by kg metabolic body weight MBW, kg0.75) for 36 pairs over a 1‐month period. A Kruskal–Wallis test revealed every genus had significantly different intakes of DM, NF ratio, NPE‐to‐PE ratio, ME and protein than each other. Post hoc Mann–Whitney U tests confirmed that the majority of variables were ingested in different amounts for each genus except for NF ratio, NPE/PE ratio which Lorius spp. are not different to Charmosyna sp. or Trichoglossus spp. and protein intake of Eos spp. does not differ from Trichoglossus spp. Our conclusion is that no species should be used as a model for a species from another genus of Loriinae; future studies should be species‐specific for each genus to increase captive propagation success.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

“…Kalmar et al () used the same estimation equations for determination of ME as Häbich (), whereas we used the digestibility coefficients in the results of Häbich (). This explains why our results are in the lower end of Kalmar et al ()’s range. Birds usually fed on “energy maintenance” (Klasing, ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Feeding cluster preferences in four genera of Lories and Lorikeets (Loriinae) that should be considered in the diet of nectarivorous psittacine species in captivity

Cabana¹,

Lee²

2018

Animal Physiology Nutrition

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“…Secondly, even though consumption of drinking water was not affected by availability of fruit, birds ingested more fluid and thus volume when fruit was available. Kalmar et al. (2009) showed a negative relation between moisture content of nectar and voluntary energy intake in lorikeets, suggesting a saturation effect on account of energy dilution by water.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Effects of segregation and impact of specific feeding behaviour and additional fruit on voluntary nutrient and energy intake in yellow-shouldered amazons (Amazona barbadensis) when fed a multi-component seed diet ad libitum

Kalmar

Veys

Geeroms

et al. 2010

Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition

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Parrots are commonly fed multi-component seed diets; however, both segregation and feeding behaviour might alter ingredient and nutrient composition of the offered diet. First, the nutritional impact of segregation was assessed as it occurs when multi-component diets are temporarily stored in food containers that are replenished before completely emptied and birds being fed from the upper layer. The most detrimental effect hereof was a vast decrease in mineral supplements, leading to a decrease in Ca:P ratio in the offered food in relation to the formulated diet. Next, caloric distribution shifted towards more EE energy at the expense of NFE energy, as proportion of oilseeds increased and NFE-rich seeds decreased. Next, a feeding trial was performed on six yellow-shouldered amazons (Amazona Barbadensis) in which nutritional impact of parrot-specific feeding behaviour was assessed as well as the influence of additional provision of fruit next to the seed mixture. Profound selective feeding behaviour and dehusking of seeds resulted in a vast increase in energetic density by up to 64% in the ingested fraction in relation to the offered mixture in toto. Furthermore, the already suboptimal Ca:P ratio further deteriorated and caloric distribution shifted by over twofold towards EE energy accompanied with a vast decline in NFE energy, CP energy remaining similar. Finally, provision of fruit next to the seed diet significantly lowered voluntary energy intake from 936 ± 71 to 809 ± 109 kJ ME/kg(0.75)/day, without compromising adequate protein intake. In conclusion, notwithstanding efforts of nutritionists to formulate diets to approximate estimated, species-specific requirements, nutritional composition of the actually consumed fraction of multi-component seed diets can be vastly deteriorated by both animal and management factors. Furthermore, offering of fruit next to a seed-based diet effectively reduces voluntary energy intake and can hence be applied to abate obesity.

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“…This could be associated with their specifi c eating habits. Kalmar et al (2000), Tomiška (2011) andVašíček (2004) suggested that being nectar-eating birds, the lories have no need to pick the seeds on the ground. They only come down to the ground to collect some pieces of vegetation and grasses which they use for nest-building (Buckley, 1968).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Resting Behaviour of Parrots Loriculus galgulus

Andrýsek¹,

Chládek²,

Javorová³

et al. 2014

Acta Univ. Agric. Silvic. Mendelianae Brun.

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This study analysed the preferences of perch size and position in the aviary in a group of 6 lorikeets (Loriculus galgulus). We monitored the presence of the lorikeets in four diff erent locations in the aviaryon the original perches, fl oor, wire mesh and experimental perches. The perch preferences were tested using 3 identical experimental perches, each of which consisted of 5 segments diff ering in diameter -ø 1 cm (circumference = 3.14 cm), ø 2 cm (circumference = 6.28 cm), ø 3 cm (circumference = 9.42 cm), ø 4 cm (circumference = 12.56 cm) and ø 5 cm (circumference = 15.7 cm). The distance between the 3 rd and 4 th toe was measured in all birds (it averaged in 2.4 cm) in order to assess to what extent the birds can enclose the perch with their toes. The observation continued for 35 consecutive days in a private aviary in the group of 4 males and 2 females of the same species. The images were captured in 10-minute intervals by a video-recording device. The number of images mapping the presence of the six birds totalled in 17898. Out of this number, the lories were 10453 times indoors (out of sight) and 7445 times in the outdoor fl y, which was monitored. They spent most of the time resting on the original perches (3067x) and totally ignored the fl oor (1x). They preferred perches (5102x) to wire mesh (2342x). All the diff erences were highly signifi cant. The favourite perch diameter was 2 cm (537x) and the least popular was the perch 5 cm thick (148x); the diff erence was also highly signifi cant. The analysis of the obtained data revealed that the lorikeets preferred sections A (788x) and E (600x) in the aviary, which means they spent most of the time along the walls. The diff erences among all the observed sections were highly signifi cant.

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Effect of dilution degree of commercial nectar and provision of fruit on food, energy and nutrient intake in two rainbow lorikeet subspecies

Cited by 8 publications

References 17 publications

Feeding cluster preferences in four genera of Lories and Lorikeets (Loriinae) that should be considered in the diet of nectarivorous psittacine species in captivity

Feeding cluster preferences in four genera of Lories and Lorikeets (Loriinae) that should be considered in the diet of nectarivorous psittacine species in captivity

Effects of segregation and impact of specific feeding behaviour and additional fruit on voluntary nutrient and energy intake in yellow-shouldered amazons (Amazona barbadensis) when fed a multi-component seed diet ad libitum

Resting Behaviour of Parrots Loriculus galgulus

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