Effect of discrimination training on auditory generalization.

Jenkins, H. M.; Harrison, R. A.

doi:10.1037/h0041661

Cited by 244 publications

(181 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…as sound frequency (Jenkins & Harrison, 1960, 1962, light wavelength (Hanson, 1959;Kalish & Guttman, 1959) and line orientation (Hearst, 1968). A point of interest in distinguishing between these two classes of generalization tests is that they give very different results in real experiments, and are therefore a good first test for any model of stimulus control.…”

Section: Testing the Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…More generally, the shape of the control gradient in figure 6 is representative of all studies in which, following interdimensional training, the test stimuli are in some way a rearrangement of the training ones (Kalish & Guttman 1959;Jenkins & Harrison 1960, 1962Marsh 1972;Purtle 1973) although the ways by which rearrangement can be achieved are many (for example, by tilting a line or changing the frequency of a tone mantaining its intensity constant). Theoretical arguments (Ghirlanda & Enquist, unpublished data), as well as the cited empirical evidence, support this conclusion.…”

Section: The Translation Testmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Artificial neural networks as models of stimulus control

Ghirlanda

Enquist

1998

Animal Behaviour

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We evaluate the ability of artificial neural network models (multi-layer perceptrons) to predict stimulus-response relationships. A variety of empirical results are considered, such as generalization, peak-shift (supernormality) and stimulus intensity effects. The networks were trained on the same tasks as the animals in the considered experiments. The subsequent generalization tests on the networks showed that the model replicates correctly the empirical results. It is concluded that these models are valuable tools in the study of animal behaviour.

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Section: Testing the Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: The Translation Testmentioning

confidence: 99%

Artificial neural networks as models of stimulus control

Ghirlanda

Enquist

1998

Animal Behaviour

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“…Most generalisation gradients look different from those obtained in intensity generalisation tests in that they are not monotonic, often presenting a peak at or near the positive stimulus (Guttman & Kalish 1956, Kalish & Guttman 1957, Hanson 1959, Kalish & Guttman 1959, Jenkins & Harrison 1960, 1962, Marsh 1972). This can be understood by realising that, although the experimental stimuli can be lined up on a single dimension (for example, sound frequency or light wavelength), this dimension is not a straight line in the receptor space.…”

Section: Gradient Shape Along Non-intensity Dimensionsmentioning

confidence: 70%

“…b) Data from a tone-frequency generalisation experiment with pigeons (mean±st.dev. ), from Jenkins & Harrison (1960). During training, a 1000-Hz tone signalled availability of reinforcement, in contrast with silence.…”

Section: Gradient Shape Along Non-intensity Dimensionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The geometry of stimulus control

Ghirlanda

Enquist

1999

Animal Behaviour

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Many studies, both in ethology and comparative psychology, have shown that animals react to modifications of familiar stimuli. This phenomenon is often referred to as generalisation. Most modifications lead to a decrease in responding, but to certain new stimuli an increase in responding is observed. This holds for both innate and learned behaviour. Here we propose a heuristic approach to stimulus control, or stimulus selection, with the aim of explaining these phenomena. The model has two key elements.First, we choose the receptor level as the fundamental stimulus space. Each stimulus is represented as the pattern of activation it induces in sense organs. Second, in this space we introduce a simple measure of 'similarity' between stimuli by calculating how activation patterns overlap. The main advantage we recognise in this approach is that the generalisation of acquired responses emerges from a few simple principles which are grounded in the recognition of how animals actually perceive stimuli. Many traditional problems that face theories of stimulus control (e.g. the Spence-Hull theory of gradient interaction or ethological theories of stimulus summation) do not arise in the present framework. These problems include the amount of generalisation along different dimensions, peak-shift phenomena (with respect to both positive and negative shifts), intensity generalisation, and generalisation after conditioning on two positive stimuli

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The importance of multiple exemplar instruction in the establishment of novel verbal behavior

LaFrance

Tarbox

2019

J of App Behav Analysis

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According to traditional linguistic accounts language, and its generative nature, cannot be taught. From a behavior analytic perspective, language is like any other behavior; it is learned and amenable to change. Based upon Skinner's radical behavioral analysis of verbal behavior, specific procedures have been designed to promote novel verbal relations. However, despite the strength and utility of this approach, using behavioral principles to understand the generativity of language has been challenging. Dependent upon the specific theory (e.g., stimulus equivalence, relational frame theory, bidirectional naming) within the radical behavioral orientation, researchers arrange unique procedures to evaluate the variables responsible for this phenomenon. This paper presents the commonalities and differences of two procedures (i.e., multiple exemplar training, multiple exemplar instruction) with examples of research highlighting the use of both in producing generativity. Further, it describes how multiple exemplar instruction is independent from other procedures leading to this outcome, and concludes by providing recommendations for both research and practice.

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Effect of discrimination training on auditory generalization.

Cited by 244 publications

References 16 publications

Artificial neural networks as models of stimulus control

Artificial neural networks as models of stimulus control

The geometry of stimulus control

The importance of multiple exemplar instruction in the establishment of novel verbal behavior

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