Effect of drafting on heart rate in cross-country skiing

Bilodeau, B.; Roy, Beno T; Boulay, M. R.

doi:10.1249/00005768-199405000-00018

Cited by 31 publications

(31 citation statements)

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“…It has been shown that skiing behind another skier in a classical cross-country ski race is advantageous and can help racers using energy. This saved energy may help to achieve a faster mean speed during the whole race (3,4).…”

Section: The Fastest Women and Men In 1-year Age Intervalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Age of Peak Marathon Performance in Cross-Country Skiing—The “Engadin Ski Marathon”

Knechtle

Nikolaïdis²

2018

Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research

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Knechtle, B and Nikolaidis, PT. The age of peak marathon performance in cross-country skiing-the "Engadin Ski Marathon." J Strength Cond Res 32(4): 1131-1136, 2018-The age of the best endurance performance has been well investigated in flat city running marathons. However, we have no knowledge about the age of peak marathon performance in cross-country skiing, which would be of great practical value for athletes and coaches. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to examine the age of peak marathon performance in cross-country skiing. Participants were 162,991 men and 34,833 women competing between 1998 and 2016 in the "Engadin Ski Marathon." We considered the fastest for both women and men, and all finishers in 1-year age intervals. The men-to-women ratio increased across ages (r = 0.55, p < 0.0001). Men (44.27 ± 0.03 years, 15.73 ± 0.01 km·h) were 5.98 ± 0.07 years older and 2.14 ± 0.02 km·h faster (p < 0.0001) than women (38.29 ± 0.06 years, 13.58 ± 0.01 km·h). Considering the fastest participants in 1-year age intervals, the fastest speed for men (30.33 km·h) was achieved at the age of 29 years, and for women (28.76 km·h) at the age of 24 years. Considering all participants, the fastest speed for men (17.69 km·h) was observed at the age of 18 years, whereas for women (15.76 km·h) it was at the age of 17 years. In summary, for athletes and coaches, the age of peak performance in cross-country skiers competing in a marathon distance was much younger and closer to the peak of aerobic capacity than what was found by previous studies in marathon road runners.

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Section: The Fastest Women and Men In 1-year Age Intervalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Age of Peak Marathon Performance in Cross-Country Skiing—The “Engadin Ski Marathon”

Knechtle

Nikolaïdis²

2018

Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research

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“…2 Relationship between towed velocity and passive drag measured during non-drafting (ND), and drafting a two-beat (2B) and a six-beat kick (6B) Fig. 1 Relationship between the distance separating the draftee and the lead swimmer and the passive drag measured during drafting a two-beat (d) and a six-beat kick (r) at a 1.24 m á s )1 velocity (mean velocity of the 400-m swims) country skiing (Bilodeau et al 1994(Bilodeau et al , 1995, and speed skating (Rundell 1996;Van Ingen Schenau 1982). These studies investigated factors that aect the metabolic response of the draftee either in submaximal or maximal exercise conditions.…”

Section: Kick Rhythms and Metabolic Responsesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These studies investigated factors that aect the metabolic response of the draftee either in submaximal or maximal exercise conditions. The factors studied were anthropometric factors such as projected frontal area (Bilodeau et al 1994(Bilodeau et al , 1995, body mass (Rundell 1996), the number of leaders, group or individuals (Kyle 1979b;McCole et al 1990) and the distance separating the draftee from the leader (Kyle 1979a(Kyle , 1979bOlds 1998;Olds et al 1995;Pugh 1971;Spring et al 1988;Van Ingen Schenau 1982). In swimming, only two studies have investigated the eect of drafting (Bassett et al 1991;Chatard et al 1998).…”

Section: Kick Rhythms and Metabolic Responsesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of drafting behind a two- or a six-beat kick swimmer in elite female triathletes

Millet¹,

Chollet²,

Chatard³

et al. 2000

European Journal of Applied Physiology

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The metabolic and drag responses, together with the distance between the draftee and the leader, were studied in six female triathletes swimming behind a lead swimmer who used either a two- or a six-beat kick, at an average velocity of 1.24 m x s(-1) (range 1.20-1.31). Drag was measured by passive towing. Oxygen consumption [49.1 (3.8) versus 50.4 (5.0) ml x min(-1) x kg(-1)], blood lactate [6.7 (2.3) versus 6.8 (1.9) mM], heart rate [172 (13.6) versus 173.5 (12.5) beats x min(-1)), rating of perceived exertion [13.7 (1.2) versus 13.5 (1.0)], stroke rate [38.3 (1.5) versus 39.5 (1.4) cycle x min(-1)], stroke length [1.95 (0.09) versus 1.89 (0.15) m x cycle(-1)] were not statistically different between the two-beat and the six-beat kick situations. The energy cost of swimming per unit of distance [0.65 (0.06) versus 0.67 (0.08) ml O2 x m(-1)] and the passive drag were similar for both kicks. The distance separating the draftee from the lead swimmer was between 14 cm and 85 cm and was inversely correlated with passive drag: r=-0.82, P < 0.05, for the two-beat kick and r=-0.82, P < 0.05, for the six-beat kick. The higher the passive drag, the closer the hand of the draftee to the feet of the lead swimmer. It was of no more benefit to triathletes to draft behind a two-beat kick swimmer than behind a six-beat kick swimmer.

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“…Indeed, triathletes attempt to swim as fast as possible to stay in the leading group. In drafting swimming, it has been demonstrated that the metabolic demand is modi®ed (Basset et al 1991), as in cycling (McCole et al 1990;Olds et al 1995), cross-country skiing (Bilodeau et al 1994(Bilodeau et al , 1995, kayaking (Gray et al 1995) or speedskating (Rundell 1996). In addition, it has been shown to improve the subsequent running performance when used during the cycling part of a triathlon (Hausswirth et al 1999).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effects of drafting on stroking variations during swimming in elite male triathletes

Chollet¹,

Hue

Auclair³

et al. 2000

European Journal of Applied Physiology

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The aim of this study was to determine the effects of drafting behind another swimmer on the metabolic response and stroke characteristics. Six highly trained male triathletes performed two maximal 400-m swims, one in a drafting (D) and one in a non-drafting condition (ND). Their metabolic response was assessed by measuring the oxygen uptake (VO2) and the blood lactate concentration at the end of each 400 m. Swimming velocity, stroke frequency, stroke length, and stroke index (velocity multiplied by stroke length) were recorded every 50 m. In the D and ND conditions, there was no difference in VO2 [66.7 (1.7) ml x kg(-1) x min(-1) vs 65.6 (1.2) ml x kg(-1) min(-1) respectively], however, the lactate concentrations were lower in D than in ND [9.6 (0.9) mM vs 10.8 (0.9) mM, respectively, P < 0.01]. In D, the performance [1.39 (0.02) m x s(-1) vs 1.34 (0.02) m x s(-1), respectively, P < 0.01] and the stroking parameters (i.e., stroke length and stroke index) increased significantly, while the stroke frequency remain unchanged. In D, a stable pace was maintained, while in ND, velocity decreased significantly throughout the 400 m. In D, the performance gains were related to the 400-m D velocity (r = 0.78, P < 0.05), and to the body fat mass (BFM, r = 0.99, P < 0.01). The stroke index in D was also related to BFM (r = 0.78, P < 0.05). Faster and leaner swimmers achieved greater performance gains and stroke index when drafting. Thus, drafting during swimming increases the performance and contributes to the maintenance of stable stroking parameters such as stroke frequency and stroke length during a 400-m swim.

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Effect of drafting on heart rate in cross-country skiing

Cited by 31 publications

References 0 publications

The Age of Peak Marathon Performance in Cross-Country Skiing—The “Engadin Ski Marathon”

The Age of Peak Marathon Performance in Cross-Country Skiing—The “Engadin Ski Marathon”

Effects of drafting behind a two- or a six-beat kick swimmer in elite female triathletes

The effects of drafting on stroking variations during swimming in elite male triathletes

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