Effect of Drying Temperatures and Exposure Times on Aspergillus flavus Growth and Aflatoxin Production on Artificially Inoculated Hazelnuts

Valente, Silvia; Meloni, Giovanna Roberta; Prencipe, Simona; Spigolon, Nicola; Marco, Somenzi; Fontana, Mauro; Gullino, M. L.; Spadaro, D.

doi:10.4315/jfp-20-061

Cited by 27 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 43 publications

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“…Moreover, AF contamination is one of the key foodborne risks that is greatly influenced by climate conditions. High temperatures, humid weather, and drought stress are favorable conditions for dissemination of and infestation by the primary AF-producing fungus Aspergillus flavus [ 10 , 11 ]. Therefore, the ongoing global warming is expected to elevate the levels of AF contamination, especially in fields at the pre-harvest stage [ 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of E.U. Rapid Alert System (RASFF) Notifications for Aflatoxins in Exported U.S. Food and Feed Products for 2010–2019

Alshannaq

2021

Toxins

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The most common, toxic, and carcinogenic mycotoxins found in human food and animal feed are the aflatoxins (AFs). The United States is a leading exporter of various nuts, with a marketing value of $9.1 billion in 2019; the European Union countries are the major importers of U.S. nuts. In the past few years, border rejections and notifications for U.S. tree nuts and peanuts exported to the E.U. countries have increased due to AF contamination. In this work, we analyzed notifications from the “Rapid Alert System for Food and Feed (RASFF)” on U.S. food and feed products contaminated with mycotoxins, primarily AFs, for the 10-year period 2010–2019. Almost 95% of U.S. mycotoxin RASFF notifications were reported for foods and only 5% for feeds. We found that 98.9% of the U.S. food notifications on mycotoxins were due to the AF contamination in almond, peanut, and pistachio nuts. Over half of these notifications (57.9%) were due to total AF levels greater than the FDA action level in food of 20 ng g−1. The Netherlands issued 27% of the AF notifications for U.S. nuts. Border rejection was reported for more than 78% of AF notifications in U.S. nuts. All U.S. feed notifications on mycotoxins occurred due to the AF contamination. Our research contributes to better understanding the main reasons behind RASFF mycotoxins notifications of U.S. food and feed products destined to E.U. countries. Furthermore, we speculate possible causes of this problem and provide a potential solution that could minimize the number of notifications for U.S. agricultural export market.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of E.U. Rapid Alert System (RASFF) Notifications for Aflatoxins in Exported U.S. Food and Feed Products for 2010–2019

Alshannaq

2021

Toxins

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“…(2007) as they have shown the high production of AFs in the pods during drying as well as at storage stage. Proper drying temperature, exposure time, and proper storage can minimize the potential risk of AFs contamination (Valente et al., 2020).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of drying surfaces and physical attributes on the development of Aflatoxins (AFs) in red chilies

Sahar

Arif

Iqbal

et al. 2022

Food Processing Preservation

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Evaluation of the suitability of surfaces for sun drying is important to prevent the AFs contamination in any produce. Proper drying can reduce the post‐harvest losses. The study was conducted to determine suitable surfaces for chili drying and the relationship between physical appearance of pods and AFs content to aid management decisions during drying and storage. Chilies dried on ten different surfaces were found to result in varied levels of AFs of between 3.14 and 6.46 ng/g. Chili pods dried on green net (either on or above the ground) for sun drying gave best control of AFs production with lower levels compared to other surfaces. Meanwhile, the AF level in damaged pods (10.11 ± 3.54 ng/g) is three times higher than the AF level, i.e., 3.02 ± 1.17 ng/g in intact pods. The research study concludes that proper drying surface and sorting of pods can minimize the rejections by quality monitoring and trade authorities. Novelty impact statement The outcome of the present study will help develop better practices and guidelines for the drying of chilies utilizing existing sun drying facilities for the control of aflatoxin contamination. Outcomes of the present study along with similar work on, e.g., Brazil nuts, would serve as a model that could be applied to other crops under risk of aflatoxin contamination such as rice, maize, nuts, and stone fruit. In addition, the results of the project will contribute to the health, wellbeing, and wealth of producers and consumers. The parent xlsx file has also been attached along with this manuscript.

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“…The most common solvents used for the extraction of mycotoxins from foodstuff are methanol-water and acetonitrile-water [26,28,30]. In addition, other solvents, such as acetone [31,32], ethyl acetate [33,34] and chloroform [35,36], are also used for mycotoxin extraction. The conditions for the extraction were subjected to an optimization process, which involved the selection of the type of extraction solvent (ethyl acetate, chloroform, methanol, acetonitrile, toluene, two different mixtures of water:methanol, and a mixture of water:acetonitrile) and the volume used (15 and 30 mL); solvents were used in single or in multiple steps in order to identify the best extraction mixture (data not shown).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

HPLC-MS/MS Method for the Detection of Selected Toxic Metabolites Produced by Penicillium spp. in Nuts

Spadaro

Meloni

Siciliano

et al. 2020

Toxins

Self Cite

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Penicillium spp. are emerging as producers of mycotoxins and other toxic metabolites in nuts. A HPLC-MS/MS method was developed to detect 19 metabolites produced by Penicillium spp. on chestnuts, hazelnuts, walnuts and almonds. Two extraction methods were developed, one for chestnuts and one for the other three nuts. The recovery, LOD, LOQ and matrix effect were determined for each analyte and matrix. Correlation coefficients were always >99.99%. In walnuts, a strong signal suppression was observed for most analytes and patulin could not be detected. Six strains: Penicillium bialowiezense, P. brevicompactum, P. crustosum, P. expansum, P. glabrum and P. solitum, isolated from chestnuts, were inoculated on four nuts. Chestnuts favored the production of the largest number of Penicillium toxic metabolites. The method was used for the analysis of 41 commercial samples: 71% showed to be contaminated by Penicillium-toxins. Cyclopenin and cyclopenol were the most frequently detected metabolites, with an incidence of 32% and 68%, respectively. Due to the risk of contamination of nuts with Penicillium-toxins, future studies and legislation should consider a larger number of mycotoxins.

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Effect of Drying Temperatures and Exposure Times on Aspergillus flavus Growth and Aflatoxin Production on Artificially Inoculated Hazelnuts

Cited by 27 publications

References 43 publications

Analysis of E.U. Rapid Alert System (RASFF) Notifications for Aflatoxins in Exported U.S. Food and Feed Products for 2010–2019

Analysis of E.U. Rapid Alert System (RASFF) Notifications for Aflatoxins in Exported U.S. Food and Feed Products for 2010–2019

Effects of drying surfaces and physical attributes on the development of Aflatoxins (AFs) in red chilies

HPLC-MS/MS Method for the Detection of Selected Toxic Metabolites Produced by Penicillium spp. in Nuts

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