Effect of electromagnetic energy on net spin orientation of nanocatalyst for enhanced green urea synthesis

Alqasem, Bilal; Sikiru, Surajudeen; Ali, Esraa Mousa; Elraies, Khaled Abdalla; Yahya, Noorhana; Rostami, Amir; Ganeson, Menaka; Nyuk, Chai Mui; Qureshi, Saima

doi:10.1016/j.jmrt.2020.11.053

Cited by 22 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 47 publications

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Section: Coupling Of Carbon Dioxide and Nitrogen For Urea Synthesismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Alqasem et al demonstrated the electromagnetic field‐induced one‐step urea synthesis at ambient conditions but it still suffers from the drawback of using hydrogen as the feedstock. [ 14 ] Utilizing aqueous solution instead of hydrogen as the proton source would exploit the advantages of green urea synthesis and it was realized in a pressurized apparatus, as shown in Figure 3c. [ 15 ] In the mixed atmosphere of carbon dioxide (30 bar) and nitrogen (30 bar), the urea formation rate reaches the highest value of 31.8 μg h −1 cm −2 over the polypyrrole catalyst at −0.325 V (vs. normal hydrogen electrode (NHE)).…”

Section: Coupling Of Carbon Dioxide and Nitrogen For Urea Synthesismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…b) Electromagnetic field-induced urea production from carbon dioxide, nitrogen, and hydrogen at ambient conditions. Reproduced with permission [14]. Copyright 2020, Elsevier Ltd. c) Electrocatalytic synthesis of urea from carbon dioxide and nitrogen in a pressurized reactor.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Electrocatalytic C–N Coupling for Urea Synthesis

2021

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The industrial urea synthesis consists of two consecutive processes, nitrogen + hydrogen → ammonia followed by ammonia + carbon dioxide → urea. The electrocatalytic coupling of carbon source (carbon dioxide) and nitrogen source (nitrogen, nitrite, nitrate) by skipping the ammonia synthetic process might be a promising alternative to achieve the efficient urea synthesis; in this case, two industrial steps with high energy consumption and high pollution are optimized into one renewable energy‐driving electrocatalytic process. Herein, the progress of green urea synthesis is summarized, focusing on the electrocatalytic coupling of carbon source and nitrogen source for direct urea synthesis under ambient conditions. The mechanism researches for urea synthesis are also reviewed, and the future development directions of electrocatalytic urea synthesis are prospected. The electrocatalytic C–N coupling reaction realizes the efficient resource utilization and provides guidance and reference for molecular coupling reactions.

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Section: Coupling Of Carbon Dioxide and Nitrogen For Urea Synthesismentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Coupling Of Carbon Dioxide and Nitrogen For Urea Synthesismentioning

confidence: 99%

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Electrocatalytic C–N Coupling for Urea Synthesis

2021

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“…A proposed alternative to industrial synthesis is to form urea by negative corona discharge in the gas phase, in which electronegative ammonia anions and radicals can reduce CO 2 into solid urea with an 82.16% yield at 1 atm and 20 • C [22]. Catalysts such as hematite (α-Fe 2 O 3 ) nanowires [23], zinc oxide (ZnO) [24], and cupric oxide (CuO) [25] have been used to produce urea as well. The catalysts as α-Fe 2 O 3 adsorb H 2 , N 2 , and CO 2 to form urea under the influence of magnetic fields with high yield from >600 ppm to 11,243 ppm depending on catalyst, gas flow rates, and magnetic field.…”

Section: Industrial Synthesis Of Urea and Alternative Synthesesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Photocatalyzed Production of Urea as a Hydrogen–Storage Material by TiO2–Based Materials

2022

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This review analyzes the photocatalyzed urea syntheses by TiO2–based materials. The most outstanding works in synthesizing urea from the simultaneous photocatalyzed reduction of carbon dioxide and nitrogen compounds are reviewed and discussed. Urea has been widely used in the agricultural industry as a fertilizer. It represents more than 50% of the nitrogen fertilizer market, and its global demand has increased more than 100 times in the last decades. In energy terms, urea has been considered a hydrogen–storage (6.71 wt.%) and ammonia–storage (56.7 wt.%) compound, giving it fuel potential. Urea properties meet the requirements of the US Department of Energy for hydrogen–storage substances, meanly because urea crystalizes, allowing storage and safe transportation. Conventional industrial urea synthesis is energy–intensive (3.2–5.5 GJ ton−1) since it requires high pressures and temperatures, so developing a photocatalyzed synthesis at ambient temperature and pressure is an attractive alternative to conventional synthesis. Due to the lack of reports for directly catalyzed urea synthesis, this review is based on the most prominent works. We provide details of developed experimental set–ups, amounts of products reported, the advantages and difficulties of the synthesis, and the scope of the technological and energetic challenges faced by TiO2–based photocatalyst materials used for urea synthesis. The possibility of scaling photocatalysis technology was evaluated as well. We hope this review invites exploring and developing a technology based on clean and renewable energies for industrial urea production.

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“…Presently, different kind of electrochemical cells can be classified in the following categories, like gas diffusion electrode 9,10 , H-type cell or two compartment cell 19,20,25,29 , flow cell 19,25 , and pressurized electrochemical cell 38 . On the basis of reactors it can be categorized in two domains which are electromagnetic field induced reactor 37 and plasma assisted reactor 39 . The following paragraphs explain the reactors and electrochemical cells in a detailed manner.…”

Section: Types Of Electrochemical Cells and Reactorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Advanced insights towards electrochemical urea synthesis: Strategic design and techno–commercial compatibility

Paul

Adalder

Ghorai

2022

Preprint

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The industrial production of urea involves two sequential steps, reaction of nitrogen and hydrogen to form ammonia followed by the reaction of the ammonia with carbon dioxide, so the process is capital expensive, massive energy consuming and complex synthesis process with multiple cycles to increase the production efficiency. The electrocatalytic C–N coupling reaction to specifically produce urea by simultaneous activation followed by co-reduction of carbon dioxide (CO2) and nitrogen sources (N2, NO2– or NO3–) at ambient condition presents a sustainable and eco-friendlier alternate route for urea production by a single step process. However, there are several challenges like adsorption capabilities of the reactants on the substrates followed by activation, suppression of hydrogen evolution reaction and finally effective C–N bond formation to specifically produce urea. In this work we showcase the road map of the electrocatalytic green urea production, with concise yet precise discussion on potential electrocatalyst, electrochemical working cell, mechanistic insight of urea synthesis, techno–commercial aspects and finally conclude with the future prospect of the green urea production.

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Effect of electromagnetic energy on net spin orientation of nanocatalyst for enhanced green urea synthesis

Cited by 22 publications

References 47 publications

Electrocatalytic C–N Coupling for Urea Synthesis

Electrocatalytic C–N Coupling for Urea Synthesis

Photocatalyzed Production of Urea as a Hydrogen–Storage Material by TiO2–Based Materials

Advanced insights towards electrochemical urea synthesis: Strategic design and techno–commercial compatibility

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