Effect of Elevated CO2 on Biomolecules’ Accumulation in Caraway (Carum carvi L.) Plants at Different Developmental Stages

Abstract

Caraway plants have been known as a rich source of phytochemicals, such as flavonoids, monoterpenoid glucosides and alkaloids. In this regard, the application of elevated CO2 (eCO2) as a bio-enhancer for increasing plant growth and phytochemical content has been the focus of many studies; however, the interaction between eCO2 and plants at different developmental stages has not been extensively explored. Thus, the present study aimed at investigating the changes in growth, photosynthesis and phytochemicals of caraway plants at two developmental stages (sprouts and mature tissues) under control and increased CO2 conditions (ambient CO2 (a CO2, 400 ± 27 μmol CO2 mol−1 air) and eCO2, 620 ± 42 μmol CO2 mol−1 air ppm). Moreover, we evaluated the impact of eCO2-induced changes in plant metabolites on the antioxidant and antibacterial activities of caraway sprouts and mature plants. CO2 enrichment increased photosynthesis and biomass accumulation of both caraway stages. Regarding their phytochemical contents, caraway plants interacted differently with eCO2, depending on their developmental stages. High levels of CO2 enhanced the production of total nutrients, i.e., carbohydrates, proteins, fats and crude fibers, as well as organic and amino acids, in an equal pattern in both caraway sprouts and mature plants. Interestingly, the eCO2-induced effect on minerals, vitamins and phenolics was more pronounced in caraway sprouts than the mature tissues. Furthermore, the antioxidant and antibacterial activities of caraway plants were enhanced under eCO2 treatment, particularly at the mature stage. Overall, eCO2 provoked changes in the phytochemical contents of caraway plants, particularly at the sprouting stage and, hence, improved their nutritive and health-promoting properties.

Biofertilisation with a consortium of growth‐promoting bacterial strains improves the nutritional status of wheat grain under control, drought, and salinity stress conditions

“…The ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) was measured to evaluate the total antioxidant capacity in durum wheat grains, as fully described by AbdElgawad et al (2021aAbdElgawad et al ( , 2021b. Briefly, the extraction was done by adding ethanol (80% vol/vol) and centrifuging at 14,000 for 20 min.…”

“…Among the alternative fertilisation approaches for sustainable development, the use of plant growth‐promoting bacteria (PGPB), as bio‐stimulants is becoming a more widely accepted technique for improving agricultural productivity and plant stress tolerance (Bakhshandeh et al, 2020; Saberi Riseh et al, 2021). Recent evidence suggests that various pathways are activated by these beneficial bacteria, producing growth regulators (Khan, 2021), inducing the solubilisation of insoluble minerals and biological fixation of nitrogen (Pii et al, 2016), improving antagonistic potential against phytopathogens (Wang et al, 2021), stimulating the plant antioxidant defence system (Ha‐Tran et al, 2021), and improving plant tolerance to heavy metal stress (AbdElgawad et al, 2021a, 2021b).…”

Innovating the Synergistic Assets of β-Amino Butyric Acid (BABA) and Selenium Nanoparticles (SeNPs) in Improving the Growth, Nitrogen Metabolism, Biological Activities, and Nutritive Value of Medicago interexta Sprouts

“…Detection of mineral elements was carried out according to [62,63], whereas 200 mg from treated and control plants grown were digested by using an HNO 3 /H 2 O solution (5:1). Thereafter, macro-and micro-elements were evaluated by using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS, Finnigan Element XR, and Scientific, Bremen, Germany).…”

“…Riboflavin and thiamine were extracted by homogenizing samples in ethanol solvent through a MagNALyser (Roche, Vilvoorde, Belgium, 1 min, 7000 rpm), then centrifuged for 20 min at 14,000× g, 4 • C. The supernatant was taken and filtered (Acrodisc GHP filter, 0.45 µm 13 mm). Then, the solution was analyzed by using HPLC (Shimadzu SIL10-ADvp, reverse-phased, at 4 • C), where the target compounds were separated on a reverse-phase (C18) column (HPLC, methanol/water as a mobile phase and fluorescence as a detector) [62].…”

Plant Nutrition for Human Health: A Pictorial Review on Plant Bioactive Compounds for Sustainable Agriculture

“…Elevated CO 2 at 600 and 1000 µmol mol −1 Total phenolics/cyanidin/antioxidant capacity of plantlets increased by high eCO 2 [175] Asparagus racemosus Willd. Elevated CO 2 400, 600, and 800 µmol mol −1 Elevated CO 2 increased the content of total sugars and proteins in leaves and roots [152] Summer savory (Satureja hortensis L.) Elevated CO 2 (620 µmol mol −1 ) Nutrients (K, Ca, P, Mg) and polyphenols were enhanced by eCO 2 under drought stress [176] Caraway (Carum carvi L.) Elevated CO 2 at 400 and 620 µmol mol −1 Higher CO 2 enhanced content of phenolic compounds and flavonoids [177] Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and maize (Zea mays L.) eCO 2 level (620 µmol mol −1 ) Barley accumulated anthocyanins, but total phenolics and flavonoids accumulated in maize under As 2 O 3 -NP stress and elevated CO 2 [178] Two species of lemon-grass Elevated CO 2 (620 µmol mol −1 ) eCO 2 increased level of primary and secondary metabolites such as amino acids and phenolics [179] Paris polyphylla var. yunnanensis Elevated CO 2 (800 µmol mol −1 ) A high-CO 2 environment increased the diosgenin content and thus total saponin [180] Glehnia littoralis Fr.…”