Effect of embalming on the mechanical properties of beef bone

McElhaney, James H.; Fogle, John L.; Byars, Edward Ford; Weaver, George W.

doi:10.1152/jappl.1964.19.6.1234

Cited by 156 publications

(41 citation statements)

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“…Several studies have already evaluated the effect of different storage methods on the mechanical properties of bone (McElhaney et al 1964, Pelker et al 1984, Roe et al 1988, Goh et al 1989, Linde and Sorensen 1993, Kang and Kim 1995, Currey et al 1995, Wilke et al 1996, but the maximum storage time in these studies was 3 months. Cadaver bodies are generally stored for 1 year or more after they are embalmed.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Studies have already been performed to investigate the effects of embalming or freezing on the mechanical properties of bones (McElhaney et al 1964, Sedlin 1965, Pelker et al 1984, Panjabi et al 1985, Roe et al 1988, Goh et al 1989, Linde and Sorensen 1993, Currey et al 1995, Kang and Kim 1995, Hamer et al 1996. However, in these studies the maximum storage time was 3 months, whereas cadaver specimens are generally stored for much longer periods.…”

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Effect of long-term preservation on the mechanical properties of cortical bone in goats

et al. 2008

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Background and purpose Bones used in mechanical studies are frequently harvested from human cadavers that have been embalmed in a buffered formaldehyde solution. It has been reported that formaldehyde fixation or freezing hardly affects the mechanical properties of bone after a storage period of several weeks. However, human cadaver bones are usually stored for longer periods of time before use. We therefore investigated the effects of long-term embalming or freezing on the mechanical properties of cortical bone.Methods After 5 different storage periods (ranging from 0 to 12 months), goat femora and humeri were used to evaluate the effect of embalming and freezing on torsion, and on bending stiffness and strength. The effect on hardness and bone mineral density (BMD) was also evaluated.Results Even after 1 year, no statistically significant differences could be found in stiffness, strength, and energy absorption when we compared embalmed or frozen bones to a fresh reference group. In addition, although we found no significant change in BMD, there appears to be a tendency to increasing hardness.Interpretation We found that there was no effect on the mechanical properties of bone after storage periods of 1 year. We conclude that embalmed or frozen bones can safely be used for mechanical testing, at least for storage periods of up to one year.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effect of long-term preservation on the mechanical properties of cortical bone in goats

et al. 2008

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“…McElhaney [7] found that embalmed human femur has an ultimate strength of 140 MPa at quasi-static rate, while the strength at high rate (1500/s) was 300 MPa in the longitudinal direction of the bone. In general, direct comparisons between embalmed and fresh bone are not recommended because of the significant effects of embalming on bone microstructure and its constituents, leading to altered bone mechanical properties [8]. In an attempt to quantify these effects, McElhaney et al [8] conducted a comparative study and found that embalming caused a 12 % reduction in ultimate compressive strength.…”

Section: Comparison Of Cortical Bone Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In general, direct comparisons between embalmed and fresh bone are not recommended because of the significant effects of embalming on bone microstructure and its constituents, leading to altered bone mechanical properties [8]. In an attempt to quantify these effects, McElhaney et al [8] conducted a comparative study and found that embalming caused a 12 % reduction in ultimate compressive strength. After the 12 % reduction in strength due to embalming was corrected, the range of ultimate strength found for human bone by McElhaney [7] would be 168-355 MPa, similar to the values found in this study.…”

Section: Comparison Of Cortical Bone Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…He found that bone was viscoelastic and rate dependent in compression, increasing in stiffness and strength with increased strain rate. His study used embalmed bone; others have shown that the ultimate strength, maximum strain, and elastic modulus measurements made on embalmed bone do not represent the nonembalmed in vitro bone response [8], and that the level of formalin concentration in the storage fluid affects the material properties of the bone [9]. In addition, high rate loading experimentation is complex; it is vital to understand the specimen stress state during the transmission of the loading stress wave.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Orientation Dependent Compressive Response of Human Femoral Cortical Bone as a Function of Strain Rate

Weerasooriya

Sanborn

Gunnarsson

et al. 2016

J. dynamic behavior mater.

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Under extreme environments, such as a blast or impact event, the human body is subjected to high-rate loading, which can result in damage such as torn tissues and broken bones. The ability to numerically simulate these events would help improve the design of protective gear by iterating different configurations of protective equipment to reduce injuries. Computer codes capable of simulating these events require accurate rate-dependent material models representing the material deformation and failure (or injury) to properly predict the response of human body during simulation. Therefore, the high-rate material response must be measured to allow for simulation of high-rate events. This study seeks to quantify the highrate mechanical response of human femoral cortical bone for use in high fidelity human anatomical models. Cortical bone compression specimens were extracted from the longitudinal and transverse directions relative to the long axis of the femur from three male donors, ages 36, 43, and 50. The compressive behavior of the cortical bone was studied at quasi-static (0.001/s), intermediate (1/s), and dynamic (*1000/s) strain rates using a split-Hopkinson pressure bar to determine the strain rate dependency and anisotropic effect on the strength of bone. The results indicate that cortical bone is anisotropic and stronger in the longitudinal direction compared to the transverse direction.The human cortical bone compressive response was also rate dependent in both directions, demonstrating significant increase in strength with increase in strain rate. Additionally, as the strain rate increased from intermediate to dynamic, a decrease in the elongation at transverse orientation was observed, which would indicate the bone becomes more brittle.

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Tape-closed and sutured wounds: A comparison by tensiometry and scanning electron microscopy

Forrester

Zederfeldt

Hayes

et al. 1970

Journal of British Surgery

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SUMMARYI . The ability of a wound to resist rupture (energy absorption or 'toughness') is calculated from its tensile strength and extension ('give '). This property of the wound is only half that of normal tissue after 5 months of healing.2. A biomechanical study shows that tape-closed wounds develop greater tensile strength than sutured wounds. However, they are more brittle and have, as a result, no greater ability to resist rupture. Other considerations such as obliteration of dead space, prevention of infection, and cosmetic result may therefore be used in choosing between them.3. The rate of collagen synthesis is the same in both wound types. It reaches its peak between 20 and 40 days and returns to normal by 150 days.4. The scanning electron microscope demonstrates how the structure of the wound evolves from random fibril patterns to large collagen masses. Mechanical behaviour can be related to collagen fibre weave and variations in fibre alinement. Differences in organization are observed between tape-closed and sutured wounds and a hypertrophic scar (keloid). 5.The scanning electron microscope appearance of a hypertrophic scar supports the view that its existence may depend on repeated rupturing and rehealing of small fibrils in a brittle scar. 6. It may be possible to control the structural organization of collagen during healing, thus improving ' scar performance ' and making possible the 'cultivation' of collagen shapes and materials for repair purposes.THIS study was prompted by the observation that the apparently well-healed skin wound was remarkably weak at the end of IOO days (Douglas, Forrester, and Ogilvie, 1969).Since local factors play an important part in determining the quality of repair (Halsted, 1913;Whipple, 1940;Sandblom, 1944;Dunphy and Jackson, 1962) we decided to further our investigations by a comparison of tape-closed and suture-closed wounds healing synchronously in the same animal.We adopted this approach because there are indications that tape-closure produces better healing conditions. Suture-closure causes a local inflammatory response (Howes, 1933; Postlethwaite, Schauble, Dillon, and Morgan, 1959) and immobilizes the wound, whereas careful tape-closure reduces inflammation and improves the cosmetic result (Dunphy and Jackson, 1962; Ordman and Gillman, 1966; Conolly, Hunt, Zederfeldt, Cafferata, and Dunphy, 1969). In addition, the exposure to adjacent soft-tissue forces appears to improve the strength of repair (Brunius and Ahrkn, 1969).A further consideration is that strength measurements, although undoubtedly providing valuable information on the healing process, incompletely describe repair. The extension or 'give' is just as important and the mechanical behaviour before rupture is of considerable theoretical and practical significance.Over 500 wounds were examined between 10 and 150 days using a bio-engineering technique previously reported (Forrester, Zederfeldt, and Hunt, 1969). Standard, die-cut specimens of skin and scar were tested to their breaking points. The specim...

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Effect of embalming on the mechanical properties of beef bone

Cited by 156 publications

References 0 publications

Effect of long-term preservation on the mechanical properties of cortical bone in goats

Effect of long-term preservation on the mechanical properties of cortical bone in goats

Orientation Dependent Compressive Response of Human Femoral Cortical Bone as a Function of Strain Rate

Tape-closed and sutured wounds: A comparison by tensiometry and scanning electron microscopy

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