Effect of Endocrine Manipulation on Anterior Pituitary Galanin in the Rat

O’Halloran, Domhnall J; Jones, Philip; Steel, Jennifer H.; Gon, Gotetsu; Giaid, Adel; Ghatei, Mohammad A.; Polak, Julia M.; Bloom, Stephen R.

doi:10.1210/endo-127-1-467

Cited by 78 publications

(53 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…GAL-LI was localized in the cytoplasm of the gonadotrophs and thyrotrophs in the anterior lobe. These findings are in contrast with the data on immunocytochemical studies in rats and humans [14][15][16][17]. Steel et al [14] have shown that GAL-LI is present mainly in lactotrophs, with a small number of somatotrophs and thyrotrophs appearing in normal and estrogen-treated female rats.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 57%

“…Moreover, GAL mRNA within the anterior lobe of rats has been demonstrated by in situ hybridization [15,16,18]. In the present study, we present our results on the identification of pituitary cell types in the male monkey exhibiting GAL-LI by means of an elution-restaining procedure.…”

mentioning

confidence: 80%

“…The differences among the monkey, human and rat in GAL-immunoreactive localization may indicate that the regulation of GAL in the three species differs. Recently, GAL-LI was observed in the anterior lobe of the pituitary of rats and humans by means of immunohistochemistry [14][15][16][17]. Moreover, GAL mRNA within the anterior lobe of rats has been demonstrated by in situ hybridization [15,16,18].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Identification of Galanin-Immunoreactive Cells in the Anterior Pituitary of Male Monkeys (Macaca fascicularis).

et al. 1993

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Abstract. The localization of galanin (GAL) was studied in the anterior pituitary of adult male macaque monkeys immunohistochemically.GAL-immunoreactive fiber bundles were noted in the posterior lobe of the pituitary. Cells immunoreactive for GAL were observed in the anterior lobe, and colocalization studies revealed that GAL-like immunoreactivity was present in gonadotrophs and thyrotrophs. The differences among the monkey, human and rat in GAL-immunoreactive localization may indicate that the regulation of GAL in the three species differs. Recently, GAL-LI was observed in the anterior lobe of the pituitary of rats and humans by means of immunohistochemistry [14][15][16][17]. Moreover, GAL mRNA within the anterior lobe of rats has been demonstrated by in situ hybridization [15,16,18]. In the present study, we present our results on the identification of pituitary cell types in the male monkey exhibiting GAL-LI by means of an elution-restaining procedure. Two adult male crab-eating monkeys (Macaca f ascicularis, Clea Japan, Inc., Osaka, Japan) were used for this study. Their body weights at the time of the investigation were 3.2 and 3.9 kilograms. Their ages were approximately 4-5 and 6-7 years, respectively. They were sacrificed by deep pentobarbital anesthesia, and were perfused with 500 ml of saline, followed by 2000 ml of 4% paraformaldehyde in 0.12 M phosphate buffer. The pituitaries were removed, postfixed in the same fixative at 4°C overnight and rinsed in phosphate buffered saline (PBS; pH 7.7) containing 15% sucrose at 4°C for one day. Sagittal and horizontal sections (8 µm) were cut in a cryostat (-20°C), and processed by a previously reported immunofluorescence procedure [10, 11].Anti-porcine GAL serum raised in rabbits was obtained commercially (Peninsula Labs., RAS 7153-N). The antiserum was used at a concentration of 1:400. The slides were incubated overnight with the anti-GAL serum diluted with PBS containing 1 % normal goat serum and 0.1 % sodium azide. They were then rinsed in PBS containing

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 57%

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Identification of Galanin-Immunoreactive Cells in the Anterior Pituitary of Male Monkeys (Macaca fascicularis).

et al. 1993

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“…Temporally linked with the appearance tion (40,41). Second, the anterior pituitary itself produces considerable quantities of galanin ( 42,43), making it difficult to of FOS and JUN, cellular levels of galanin mRNA in GnRH neurons are also increased, and anatomical comparisons suggest conceive how minute amount of galanin reaching the pituitary from the portal circulation could have a significant impact on that it is the identical population of GnRH neurons that expresses both FOS and galanin (8 ). There are elements on the 5∞ flanking pituitary function.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Induction of Galanin mRNA in GnRH Neurons by Estradiol and its Facilitation by Progesterone

Rossmanith

Marks

Clifton

et al. 1996

J Neuroendocrinology

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On the day of proestrus in the rat, rising plasma levels of estradiol (E) act in concert with progesterone (P) to trigger a preovulator y release of gonadotropins. Cellular levels of galanin mRNA in GnRH neurons are increased in association with the proestrous surge of gonadotropin secretion; however, the relative contribution made by E and P to the induction of galanin mRNA expression in GnRH neurons is unknown. We investigated the role of E and P in the induction of galanin gene expression in GnRH neurons by examining the effects of different combinations of E (estradiol benzoate; 50 mg and P (5 mg)) on the LH surge and the concomitant induction of galanin mRNA in GnRH neurons. We sacrificed ovariectomized adult rats after 1 of 4 treatments: Group 1: vehicle control (n=6); Group 2: P alone (n= 7) Group 3: E alone (n=7); Group 4: combined E/P (n=6); the animals were killed at 18.00 h at the time of the LH surge. The brains from these animals were processed by double-label in situ hybridization to allow measurement of galanin mRNA levels in GnRH neurons. GnRH neurons were identified with a digoxigenin-labeled cRNA probe for GnRH mRNA, and galanin mRNA was detected and measured simultaneously with an 35S-labeled cRNA probe coupled with computerized grain counting. Estimation of cellular levels of GnRH mRNA was accomplished with single-label in situ hybridization, an 35S-labeled GnRH cRNA probe and computerized grain counting. We observed a 3-fold induction of galanin mRNA in the GnRH neurons of animals treated with E alone compared with those treated with the vehicle alone (vehicle: 13±2 vs E: 42±4 grains/cell (g/c); P<0.01); LH levels in the E-treated animals were elevated, albeit moderately, with respect to the vehicle controls. Compared with vehicle-treated animals, those treated with the combination of E and P showed a 5-fold induction of galanin mRNA in GnRH neurons (68±9 g/c), which was significantly (P<0.01) greater than that observed in the animals treated with E alone; in addition, the magnitude of the LH surge was much greater (P<0.05) in the E/P-treated group compared with the E alone group. In contrast, compared to the vehicle controls, animals treated with P alone (15±2 g/c) showed no discernable effect on galanin mRNA levels; moreover, no LH surge occurred in the P alone group. Neither the number of identified GnRH cells nor their content of GnRH mRNA differed significantly among the experimental groups (GnRH mRNA signal: vehicle controls: 153±6 vs E: 159±6 vs E/P: 153±3 vs P: 148±8 g/c). We conclude that while E is the primary ovarian signal inducing galanin mRNA expression in GnRH neurons and the LH surge itself, P plays a facilitatory role in both of these processes.In the rat, beginning on the day of diestrus and continuing pin secretion (3, 4 ). While the basic endocrine aspects of this so-called positive feedback event have been carefully defined over through proestrus, a rising tide of estradiol (E ) serves as the proximate signal eliciting the preovulatory surge of LH (see ( 1) the p...

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“…An RIA for total galanin content in WT (n ϭ 3) and GAL-tg (n ϭ 3) forebrain was conducted as previously described (36), with minor modifications. Galanin antiserum (diluted 1:80,000) was directed against rat galanin and showed a 35 and 15% crossreactivity with porcine and human galanin, respectively, and no crossreactivity with any other neuropeptides examined.…”

Section: Generation Of Galanin Transgenic Micementioning

confidence: 99%

Galanin transgenic mice display cognitive and neurochemical deficits characteristic of Alzheimer's disease

Steiner

Hohmann

Holmes

et al. 2001

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

170

154

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Galanin is a neuropeptide with multiple inhibitory actions on neurotransmission and memory. In Alzheimer's disease (AD), increased galanin-containing fibers hyperinnervate cholinergic neurons within the basal forebrain in association with a decline in cognition. We generated transgenic mice (GAL-tg) that overexpress galanin under the control of the dopamine ␤-hydroxylase promoter to study the neurochemical and behavioral sequelae of a mouse model of galanin overexpression in AD. Overexpression of galanin was associated with a reduction in the number of identifiable neurons producing acetylcholine in the horizontal limb of the diagonal band. Behavioral phenotyping indicated that GAL-tgs displayed normal general health and sensory and motor abilities; however, GAL-tg mice showed selective performance deficits on the Morris spatial navigational task and the social transmission of food preference olfactory memory test. These results suggest that elevated expression of galanin contributes to the neurochemical and cognitive impairments characteristic of AD.

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Effect of Endocrine Manipulation on Anterior Pituitary Galanin in the Rat

Cited by 78 publications

References 30 publications

Identification of Galanin-Immunoreactive Cells in the Anterior Pituitary of Male Monkeys (Macaca fascicularis).

Identification of Galanin-Immunoreactive Cells in the Anterior Pituitary of Male Monkeys (Macaca fascicularis).

Induction of Galanin mRNA in GnRH Neurons by Estradiol and its Facilitation by Progesterone

Galanin transgenic mice display cognitive and neurochemical deficits characteristic of Alzheimer's disease

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