Effect of endogenous galanin on glucose transporter 4 expression in cardiac muscle of type 2 diabetic rats

The regulative effect of galanin family members on link of energy metabolism and reproduction

“…The hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp and 2-deoxy-[ 3 H]-D-glucose (2-DG) tests found that the galanin antagonist, M35, may aggravate insulin resistance in healthy and type 2 diabetic rats [24,40,41,62,65,73,104,169]. Namely, endogenous galanin elevates GLUT4 protein and GLUT4 mRNA expression and GLUT4 translocation in the skeletal muscle and adipose tissues to sustain insulin sensitivity and glucose homeostasis [24,40,41,62,65,73,104,169].…”

Crosstalk between exercise and galanin system alleviates insulin resistance

“…In contrast, galanin or GalR1-knockout mice decreased insulin-mediated glucose uptake and insulin-independent glucose elimination during the glucose tolerance tests (Ahrén et al, 2004;Zorrilla et al, 2007). Furthermore, our and other's studies showed that administration of M35, a galanin antagonist, reduced 2-deoxy-[ 3 H]-d-glucose (2-DG) content in myocytes and adipocytes as well as glucose infusion rates in a hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp test, which was a direct assessment of insulin sensitivity in healthy and type 2 diabetic rats (Bu et al, 2013;Fang et al, 2014;Guo et al, 2011;He et al, 2011;Jiang et al, 2009;Liang et al, 2012;Zhang et al, 2012a). Quantitative densitometry in skeletal muscle and adipose tissue revealed that treatment with M35 significantly decreased GLUT4 mRNA and protein expression levels in myocytes and adipocytes compared with controls.…”

“…We also found the ratio of GLUT4 contents in plasma membrane fractions to total cell membranes were lower in the M35-treated group compared with diabetic control. These results indicate that endogenous galanin elevates not only GLUT4 protein concentration and GLUT4 mRNA expression level, but also GLUT4 translocation from the intracellular membrane compartments to the plasma membranes in skeletal muscles and adipose tissues to sustain insulin sensitivity (Bu et al, 2013;Fang et al, 2014;Guo et al, 2011;He et al, 2011;Jiang et al, 2009;Liang et al, 2012;Zhang et al, 2012a). In addition, quantitative densitometry revealed that central administration of M617, a GalR1 agonist, significantly increased GLUT4 protein and mRNA expression in plasma membranes of the cardiac muscle compared with diabetic controls (Fang et al, 2015), suggesting that activation of central GalR1 can promote insulin sensitivity to regulate glucose homeostasis in the cardiac muscle of type 2 diabetic rats.…”

Elevated galanin may predict the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus for development of Alzheimer’s disease

“…We also found the ratio of GLUT4 contents in plasma membrane fractions to total cell membranes were lower in the M35 treatment group compared with diabetic control. These results implicate that endogenous galanin elevates not only GLUT4 protein concentration and GLUT4 mRNA expression level but also the GLUT4 translocation from the intracellular membrane compartments to the plasma membranes in skeletal muscles, adipose tissues and cardiac muscle to sustain insulin sensitivity (Bu et al, 2013;Fang et al, 2014c;Guo et al, 2011;He et al, 2011;Jiang et al, 2009;Liang et al, 2012;. In addition, quantitative densitometry in cardiac muscle revealed that central M617 treatment significantly increased GLUT4 mRNA expression levels and GLUT4 protein concentration in plasma membranes of cardiac muscle compared with diabetic controls (Fang et al, 2014d).…”

“…Finally, our and other's recent studies demonstrated that administration of M35, a galanin antagonist, reduced 2-deoxy-[3H]-D-glucose (2-DG) content in myocytes and adipocytes as well as glucose infusion rates in the hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp test, which was a direct assessment of insulin sensitivity in healthy and type 2 diabetic rats (Bu et al, 2013;Fang et al, 2014c;Guo et al, 2011;He et al, 2011;Jiang et al, 2009;Liang et al, 2012;. By contrast, our recent study demonstrated that administration of M617, a GalR1 agonist, increased insulin sensitivity in healthy and type 2 diabetic rats (Fang et al, 2014d).…”