EFFECT OF ENRICHED COPEPODS ON THE GROWTH, SURVIVAL AND COLOURATION OF ANGELFISH (Pterophyllum scalare)

Azani, N.; Rasdi, Nadiah Wan

doi:10.46754/umtjur.v3i2.202

Cited by 5 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…To statistically compare carotenoid concentrations between marine and freshwater ecosystems, we performed a Wilcoxon rank sum test because data on marine carotenoid concentrations were still not normally distributed after logarithmic transformation. This test was highly significant (p < 0.001) and highlighted the Testing sexual selection by blue pigmentation for neustonic copepods Cohen and Forward (2002) Developing routine measures of pigmentation as one fitness index (e.g., using individual images or remote sensing) Hylander et al (2009) Testing red color as a camouflage strategy at depth Johnsen (2001Johnsen ( , 2005; Vestheim and Kaartvedt (2006) Exploring the impact of anthropogenic pressures (pollutants, eutrophication) on astaxanthin production and copepod fitness Caramujo et al (2012); Holeton et al (2009); Medina et al (2008) Exploring the link between copepod pigmentation and fish population success Azani and Rasdi (2021); Hynes et al (2009) strong difference in carotenoids accumulation by copepods between the two aquatic ecosystems.…”

Section: A Shared and Conserved Functional Traitmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Copepods' carotenoid quantification has significant implications to estimate the transfer of antioxidants throughout food webs, from primary production to human consumers, and to evaluate the quality of fish stocks. Indeed, fish larvae exhibit a better coloration when they eat copepods fed with a diet enriched with carotenoids (Azani & Rasdi, 2021; Hynes et al, 2009), and the benefits of astaxanthin in fish for antioxidant and anti‐inflammatory properties, egg quality, growth performance, immune system, lipid metabolism, or muscle pigmentation are unequivocal (Nakano & Wiegertjes, 2020). For example, in Inuit communities relying on a traditional diet for their food security, salmonid fish ( Arctic char ) are chosen for their color traditionally known to reflect their quality (Bolduc, 2021).…”

Section: Perspectives and Implications To Monitor Aquatic Ecosystems ...mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Copepods' true colors: astaxanthin pigmentation as an indicator of fitness

et al. 2023

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Pigmentation is often overlooked in zooplankton, since these organisms are mostly colorless to fit the translucid water medium. However, one of the dominant zooplankton taxa in aquatic ecosystems—copepods—often show a bright red‐orange or blue coloration owing to the accumulation of carotenoid pigments in some parts of their bodies. Even though there are many functional traits describing copepod's performance (e.g., size, feeding, and reproductive modes), it is surprising that the role of such a simple and visible trait as coloration has not been studied in a coherent manner yet. Here, by reviewing 95 studies, we demonstrate that carotenoid‐based pigmentation (mainly caused by astaxanthin molecules) is a widespread functional trait in freshwater and marine copepods. We propose a way to disentangle the complex and thus intriguing patterns of pigment expression along latitudinal and altitudinal gradients, addressing its relationship to diet quality and quantity, temperature, ultraviolet radiation stress, predation pressure, lipid metabolism, and reproduction. We show that large‐scale variations in pigmentation are difficult to tackle because of the fundamental plasticity of this trait at short time scales (i.e., hours, days), and the most recent information about carotenoid bioconversion are addressed (genes and enzyme identification, and influence of microbiota). From this literature review, we hypothesize that pigments play a “Swiss‐army knife” role for copepod's fitness, useful in various ecosystem conditions owing to the strong antioxidant power and the finely‐tuned metabolism of astaxanthin. With larger antioxidant capacities (survival), higher metabolisms (growth), and more offspring in better condition (reproduction), red morphs appear more successful than their uncolored siblings. Also, the potential camouflage strategies allowed by red and blue pigmentation are discussed. We finally formulate new directions and future research fields from molecular to ecosystem scales. Routine quantifications of copepod's pigmentation through trait‐based approaches could be useful (1) to obtain an accurate copepod fitness indicator and (2) to better estimate the transfer of antioxidant to higher trophic levels in ecosystems, including humans.

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Section: A Shared and Conserved Functional Traitmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Perspectives and Implications To Monitor Aquatic Ecosystems ...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Copepods' true colors: astaxanthin pigmentation as an indicator of fitness

et al. 2023

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“…According to a study by [36], Pterophyllum scalare have a greater survival rate when fed zooplankton supplemented with Chlorella sp. at a survival rate of 72%.…”

Section: Specific Growth Rate (%)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of mono and mix diets on growth of Artemia and its application as dietary sources of Pterophyllum scalare (Angelfish)

Aziz

Azani

Yatim³

et al. 2023

IOP Conf. Ser.: Earth Environ. Sci.

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Artemia is a type of brine shrimp that can provide good nutrients and a well digested fish larva with high potential live feed. Therefore, Artemia is readily contained in capsulated cysts that have been preserved for a long period of time. In the industrial, however, there is a lack of knowledge and technique regarding the handling of suitable life feed as first feed for fish larvae. The study is to observe the growth and survival rate of Angelfish larvae (Pterophyllum scalare) with various types of enriched Artemia. Three types enrichment are used (Tetraselmis sp., Chlorella sp., and mixed diet; Tetraselmis sp. + Chlorella sp.). This experiment was performed for 35 days, and the growth (SGR), survival and nutritional analysis were reported to assess the effect of the larvae of Angelfish. Specific growth rate (SGR) of Angelfish larvae (11.49 ± 0.63%), and survival rate (81.0 ± 1.92%). Angelfish larvae had the highest growth and survival rate on mixed diet fed (Tetraselmis sp. + Chlorella sp.) compared to other enrichments, Tetraselmis sp. (9.56 ± 0.08%, 70.00 ± 0.00%) and sp. (10.03 ± 0.13%, 74.0 ± 2.03%), this was related while examining the protein and lipids. The mean value of the mixed diet protein and lipid analysis (57.91 ± 0.27%, 7.31 ± 1.35%) is the highest as compared to other enrichments, Tetraselmis sp. (44.73 ± 0.73%, 4.85 ± 0.60%), and Chlorella sp. (49.76 ± 1.19%, 7.31± 5.05%). As the conclusion, mixed diet is more successful diet for growth performances and survival rate to fish larvae. This study applies if the Artemia can be culture in the future without the technique of decapsulation cysts to reduce cost in using Artemia.

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“…Due to copepods' higher nutritional profiles, these types of live feed are often not subjected to enrichment processes, which might increase manufacturing costs. Other enrichment strategies used on other zooplankton kinds, on the other hand, are still applicable to copepods in order to maximize the nutritional content of life meals provided to larvae [36]. Enrichment techniques such as lipid emulsions and feeding with nutritionally dense phytoplankton; (Nannochloropsis sp.…”

Section: Copepods Enrichmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Review on Different Zooplankton Culturing Techniques and Common Problems Associated with Declining Density

Rahman

Azani

Suhaimi

et al. 2023

IOP Conf. Ser.: Earth Environ. Sci.

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Zooplankton are primary consumers and serves as a crucial connection between primary producers and consumers in the aquatic food chain and higher consumers. Plankton is consumed by more than 75% of fish species at some point throughout their life. Supply of live feed cultures is critical to the expansion of aquaculture enterprises, particularly the larviculture sector, which generates fish and crustacean seeds for grow-out businesses. However, zooplankton is rarely farmed in high enough densities to be commercially viable on a large scale. This is owing to dynamic changes in physicochemical conditions in the culture system, which would normally result in a shift in the reproduction pathway from parthenogenetic to sexual, which creates resting eggs and reduces overall live feed output. The density of these live feed organisms can alter in response to environmental conditions such as eutrophication due to an excess of nutrients, acidification, pollution, salinity intrusion, and other factors that occur within the system. The water quality and food supply in the system have a big impact on zooplankton population dynamics, especially in a culture environment. The goal of this review is to have a better understanding of the many strategies for growing zooplankton utilizing various fertilization methods in order to maintain a constant population density. This review focusing on the density of zooplankton, the biological responses of live feed to fertilization, and common challenges that farmers face in the culture. In particular, we (i) examine the many zooplankton culture techniques that have been developed over time, (ii) explain the biological reactions of zooplankton to changes in culture conditions, and (iii) show the frequent issues as-sociated with live feed culture.

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EFFECT OF ENRICHED COPEPODS ON THE GROWTH, SURVIVAL AND COLOURATION OF ANGELFISH (Pterophyllum scalare)

Cited by 5 publications

References 40 publications

Copepods' true colors: astaxanthin pigmentation as an indicator of fitness

Copepods' true colors: astaxanthin pigmentation as an indicator of fitness

Effects of mono and mix diets on growth of Artemia and its application as dietary sources of Pterophyllum scalare (Angelfish)

A Review on Different Zooplankton Culturing Techniques and Common Problems Associated with Declining Density

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