Effect of environment on the interferometry of clocks

Abstract

Quantum interference of "clocks", namely of particles with time-evolving internal degrees of freedom (DOFs), is a promising avenue to test genuine general relativistic effects in quantum systems. The clock acquires which path information while experiencing different proper times on traversing the arms of the interferometer, leading to a drop in its path visibility. We consider scenarios where the clock is subject to environmental noise as it transits through the interferometer. In particular, we develop a generalized formulation of interferometric visibility affected by noise on the clock. We find that, for small noise and small proper time difference between the arms, the noise further reduces the visibility, while in more general situations it can either increase or reduce the visibility. As an example, we investigate the effect of a thermal environment constituted by a single field mode and show that the visibility drops further as the temperature is increased. Additionally, by considering noise models based on standard quantum channels, we show that interferometric visibility can increase or decrease depending on the type of noise and also the time scale and transition probabilities. The quantification of the effect of noise on the visibility – particularly in the case of a thermal environment paves the way for a better estimate on the expected outcome in an actual experiment.

Fringe visibility and correlation in Mach–Zehnder interferometer with an asymmetric beam splitter

“…So, we can obtain the complementary relation of 𝒥 (ρ QD 1 ) and V 𝒥 2 (ρ QD 1 ) +V 2 ≤ 1. (19) Due to the relationship between 𝒥 (ρ QD 1 ) and 𝒥 (ρ QD 2 ), we can also obtain the complementarity relationship between 𝒥 (ρ QD 2 ) and V…”

“…The equals sign holds in Eqs. (19) and (20) in the following situations. (I) The value of the fringe visibility is one, corresponding to cos β = −S x and V = 1.…”

“…The complementarity between the fringe visibility and the which-path knowledge has been studied greatly in the symmetric MZI (both beam splitters are symmetrical) in theory and experiment. [11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19] In addition, the complementary relationship in a general MZI with an asymmetric beam splitter (BS) has also attracted great attention. [20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29] Originally, the uncertainty principle was attributed to the absence of interference fringe.…”

Multiparameter critical quantum metrology with impurity probes

“…To further complicate matters, the temperature of the system itself might not be known precisely. As a consequence, there has been a growing interest in developing thermometric schemes that exploit quantum systems [74][75][76][77][78][79][80][81][82][83][84]. These issues give rise to several questions, including: (i) How does nonzero temperature affect the sensitivity of a criticality-based quantum sensor?…”