Effect of environmental conditioning on the properties of thermosetting- and thermoplastic-matrix composite materials by resin infusion for marine applications

Nash, N.H.; Portela, Alexandre; Bachour, Carlos; Manolakis, Ioannis; Comer, A.J.

doi:10.1016/j.compositesb.2019.107271

Cited by 67 publications

(35 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…Several authors have compared mechanical properties like tensile, compressive, shear and impact performances of Elium™ based composites to their thermoset-reinforced counterparts. Results are found to be in the same range, except for impact resistance as acrylic composites show significant higher results [9][10][11].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 61%

A Novel Thermoplastic Composite for Marine Applications: Comparison of the Effects of Aging on Mechanical Properties and Diffusion Mechanisms

Frej

Léger

Didier³

et al. 2021

Appl Compos Mater

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This article investigates and compares the effects of hydrothermal aging on carbon fibre / Elium™ thermoplastic composite and on carbon fibre / vinylester thermoset composite for marine application. Accelerated aging tests are performed by immersion in deionised water at 70 °C.Water diffusion, monitored by regular weighing, shows that both composites as well as Elium™ resin exhibit non-Fickian behaviour. Analytical models are proposed to fit the experimental curves and to identify and compare diffusion parameters. The aging effects on the microstructure are evaluated using SEM, while irreversibility of degradation mechanisms is investigated by desiccation tests. Mechanical tensile tests, performed before and after aging, show the slight impact of water on tensile modulus and tensile strengths for both materials. Furthermore, it was found that shear modulus and interlaminar shear strength undergo significant alteration related to irreversible physicochemical degradation of the matrix. Studied materials have shown different diffusion behaviours, but similar mechanical properties evolutions.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 61%

A Novel Thermoplastic Composite for Marine Applications: Comparison of the Effects of Aging on Mechanical Properties and Diffusion Mechanisms

Frej

Léger

Didier³

et al. 2021

Appl Compos Mater

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“…This study focused on the environmental aging resistance of the epoxy resin matrix, including long-term exposure to humidity, temperature, water/salt or alkali solution, etc. It was found that the property evolution of the resin matrix was mainly dependent on the water absorption, and the effect of water molecules on chemical reactions included the destruction of the original group (such as the crosslinking fracture of the molecular segment) and the generation of microcracks and micropores from the swelling of the resin matrix, which had complex effects on the macro mechanical properties of the resin [9][10][11]. Therefore, the evaluation of structures and properties evolution of epoxy resin exposed to the above service environments is significant to provide rapid laboratory testing and long-life evaluation of epoxy resin for engineering applications.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Immersion in Water or Alkali Solution on the Structures and Properties of Epoxy Resin

Wang

Xian

et al. 2021

Polymers

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The durability of fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) composites is significantly dependent on the structures and properties of the resin matrix. In the present paper, the effects of physical or chemical interactions between the molecular chain of the epoxy resin matrix and water molecules or alkaline groups on the water absorption, mechanical structures, and microstructures of epoxy resin samples were studied experimentally. The results showed that the water uptake curves of the epoxy resin immersed in water and an alkali solution over time presented a three-stage variation. At different immersion stages, the water uptake behavior of the resin showed unique characteristics owing to the coupling effects of the solution concentration gradient diffusion, molecular hydrolysis reaction, and molecular segment movement. In comparison with the water immersion, the alkali solution environment promoted the hydrolysis reaction of the epoxy resin molecular chain. After the immersion in water or the alkali solution for one month, the water uptake of the resin was close to saturate, and the viscoelasticity was observed to decrease significantly. The micropore and free volume space on the surface and in the interior of the resin gradually increased, while the original large-scale free volume space decreased. The tensile strength decreased to the lowest point after the immersion in water and the alkali solution for one month, and the decrease percentages at 20 °C and 60 °C water or 60 °C alkali solution were 24%, 28%, and 22%, respectively. Afterward, the tensile strength recovered with the further extension of immersion time. In addition, it can be found that the effect of the alkali solution and water on the tensile strength of the epoxy resin was basically the same.

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“…Narynbek Ulu et al [27] underlined that the damage mechanisms (in the case of elastomers) in seawater became complex and not completely understood. Further research on this subject is planned, because it is an interesting issue, especially in the field of using laminates and epoxy composites in the construction of yachts, as well as protective covers for vessels, which was also emphasized in Nash et al [33] work. The authors investigated an infusible thermoplastic matrix system compared to matrix materials most commonly used in marine structures under various immersion conditions and developed the procedure to indicate the suitable materials to marine construction vessels.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effect of the Salt Water Aging on the Mechanical Properties of Epoxy Adhesives Compounds

Rudawska¹

2020

Polymers

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The objective of this study is to compare the effect of selected operating factors on the mechanical properties of epoxy adhesive compounds aged in salt water. Five different water environments were tested: tap water, normal seawater (reference salinity value), seawater with double reference salinity value, seawater with half of the reference salinity and seawater with a quarter of the reference salinity value. Samples of two different adhesive compounds were prepared using the epoxy resin and triethylenetetramine curing agent. One of the compounds was filled with calcium carbonate. The samples were aged in five different water environments for three months, one month and one week, respectively. Mechanical properties of the cured adhesive compound samples were determined via strength tests performed on the Zwick/Roell Z150 testing machine in compliance with the EN ISO 604 standard. The objective of the experiments was to determine the effect of different seawater environments on selected mechanical properties (including strength) of the fabricated adhesive compounds.Polymers 2020, 12, 843 2 of 20 used as aging environments of DCB (Double Cantilever Beam) and ODCB (open-DCB) specimens. Bordes et al. [21] investigated the long-term behavior of adhesively bonded double lap shear steel joints aged in seawater and the degradation of mechanical properties of an epoxy adhesive. Aging on bulk adhesive was performed in deionized water, salt and seawater at three temperatures, 20, 40 and 60 • C. Heshmati et al. [15] investigated the effects of aging the epoxy adhesive and bonded joints (fiber-reinforced-polymer/steel joints) in five harsh environments, including salt water solution at various temperatures (20 • C and 45 • C). Three-dimensional (3D) moisture diffusion properties of different FRPs (fibre reinforced polymer/steel) and adhesive material in various aging conditions were characterized. In another work, Heshmati et al. [9] presented the effects of cyclic wet-dry, freeze-thaw and combined wet and freeze-thaw conditions (distilled water and salt water, when combined with freeze-thaw for 125 and 250 cycles) on the mechanical behavior of bonded FRP/steel joints. The results have shown, among other things, that the ductility of the adhesive is reduced after it has been dried from the wet state.The objective of this study is to compare the selected mechanical properties of cured adhesive compounds (unmodified and modified alike) aged in seawater environments with different salt concentrations. The experiments aim to determine and compare the compressive strength, compression modulus and compressive strains of the cured epoxy adhesives under study.Polymers 2020, 12, 843 4 of 20 filler were weighed (Table 3) and mixed. After that, the curing agent was added to the compound. The preparation process parameters for both modified and unmodified epoxy adhesive compounds were the same. Shape, Dimensions and Fabrication of the Adhesive Compound Samples

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Effect of environmental conditioning on the properties of thermosetting- and thermoplastic-matrix composite materials by resin infusion for marine applications

Cited by 67 publications

References 18 publications

A Novel Thermoplastic Composite for Marine Applications: Comparison of the Effects of Aging on Mechanical Properties and Diffusion Mechanisms

A Novel Thermoplastic Composite for Marine Applications: Comparison of the Effects of Aging on Mechanical Properties and Diffusion Mechanisms

Effect of Immersion in Water or Alkali Solution on the Structures and Properties of Epoxy Resin

The Effect of the Salt Water Aging on the Mechanical Properties of Epoxy Adhesives Compounds

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