Effect of estrogen therapy for 1 year on thyroid volume and thyroid nodules in postmenopausal women

Ceresini, Graziano; Milli, Bruna; Morganti, S.; Maggio, Marcello; Bacchi-Modena, Alberto; Sgarabotto, Maria Paola; Chirico, Carla; Donato, Pietro Di; Campanati, Paolo; Valcavi, Roberto; Ceda, Gian Paolo; Braverman, Lewis E.; Valenti, Giorgio

doi:10.1097/gme.0b013e318148b83e

Cited by 24 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…The effect of estradiol and progesterone on thyroid morphology and function has been previously established (Kuhl et al 1985, Dalla Valle et al 1998, Krejza et al 2004, Sosić‐Jurjević et al 2005, Sekulić et al 2007). Estrogens have been shown to conflictingly exert stimulatory (Kuhl et al 1985, Furlanetto et al 1999), inhibitory (Sosić‐Jurjević et al 2005, Sekulić et al 2007), or no effects (Ceresini et al 2008) on thyroid activity, while progesterone was found to be not in synchronization with any oscillations of human thyroid flow velocity (Krejza et al 2004), although a vasoconstrictor effect on the blood vessels was suggested (Miyamoto et al 2005). The levels of estrogens and progesterone fluctuate markedly on a day‐to‐day basis during estrus in dolphins (Sawyer‐Steffan et al 1983, Robeck et al 2001).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sonographic evaluation of thyroid morphology during different reproductive events in female Indo‐Pacific bottlenose dolphins, Tursiops aduncus

Kot¹,

Ying²,

Brook³

et al. 2011

Marine Mammal Science

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Thyroid morphology and function are likely affected by the cyclic hormonal environment during different reproductive events in females. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the variation of thyroid morphology at different reproductive events (anestrus, estrus, lactation, and pregnancy) in a captive group of Indo‐Pacific bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops aduncus) measured using sonography. Sonographic examinations of the thyroid gland and ovaries in nine sexually mature female subjects were performed weekly for 2.5 yr. A generalized linear mixed model was used to estimate the effects of the reproductive events for thyroid volume. Reproductive event was found to be a significant predictor for thyroid volume measurement and significant variation in thyroid volume was found between different reproductive events. A significantly larger thyroid volume in lactating females was observed when compared with estrous and anestrous females, possibly due to the high energy requirements and milk production during lactation. Taken together, thyroid volume variation during different reproductive events in female dolphins should be considered so as to obtain a diagnostically meaningful assessment when conducting routine examinations.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sonographic evaluation of thyroid morphology during different reproductive events in female Indo‐Pacific bottlenose dolphins, Tursiops aduncus

Kot¹,

Ying²,

Brook³

et al. 2011

Marine Mammal Science

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“…(10,15) In contrast, others have detected a comparable ER-a expression in normal and tumor thyroid tissue. (18,19,28) It is worth mentioning that all these reports rely on IHC to determine the presence or absence of ER-a expression, and it is therefore interesting to note such a difference in the ER-a expression from different laboratories. One possibility is that such a technique is inadequate to obtain a definitive result when it comes to measure the presence of ER-a in thyroid lesions.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Overexpression of estrogen receptor‐α in human papillary thyroid carcinomas studied by laser‐capture microdissection and molecular biology

Vito¹,

Santis

Perrone

et al. 2011

Cancer Science

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The expression pattern of estrogen receptor (ER) isoforms in normal and tumor thyroid tissues is still controversial and poor defined, therefore, a more detailed study of the distribution of these molecules is needed. Most discrepancies might be due to the methods utilized. We studied the expression of ER isoforms in human papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC), in fine‐needle aspiration biopsy‐derived specimens, and in cells, using more accurate techniques, such as laser‐capture microdissection, real‐time quantitative PCR, and Western blot. Laser‐capture microdissection allowed us to isolate homogeneous cell populations from human PTC surgical samples. Tumor, peritumor, or normal host tissue of the same sample were separately dissected and analyzed by RT‐PCR and Western blot. Estrogen receptor‐α mRNA was more expressed in cancer‐microdissected cells from human PTC, as compared with microdissected cells obtained from surrounding normal host tissue (450 vs 12, P = 0.001). A similar pattern was observed with Western blot for the ER‐α protein. By contrast, ER‐β mRNA expression was not detected among the microdissected tissue fractions. Fine‐needle aspiration biopsy‐derived specimens showed a similar expression pattern to ER. Moreover, human PTC cell line BCPAP and cancer stem cells from PTC, analyzed under hypoxic conditions, showed a hypoxia‐driven increase in ER‐α expression. In conclusion, ER‐α might have an important role in human PTC, and its overexpression can be studied in routine needle aspirate as a possible marker of malignancy. (Cancer Sci 2011; 102: 1921–1927)

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“…The adequacy of iodine intake in this area was previously evaluated by measuring urinary iodine excretion in a sample of the population. Based on these results, a mild‐to‐moderate iodine deficiency was defined …”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Based on these results, a mild-tomoderate iodine deficiency was defined. 16 Cases were retrospectively identified from the Province Tumor Registry, which has been active since 1978 with an estimated 100% population coverage. Only patients identified by code C73.9 (indicating malignancy) of the International Classification of Diseases for Oncology, third edition, were included.…”

Section: Ate Ri Als An D Me Tho Dsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Size of thyroid carcinoma by histotype and variants: A population-based study in a mildly iodine-deficient area

et al. 2017

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Effect of estrogen therapy for 1 year on thyroid volume and thyroid nodules in postmenopausal women

Abstract: Estrogen administration for 1 year did not affect thyroid volume or the number and volume of thyroid nodules in postmenopausal women.

Cited by 24 publications

References 27 publications

Sonographic evaluation of thyroid morphology during different reproductive events in female Indo‐Pacific bottlenose dolphins, Tursiops aduncus

Sonographic evaluation of thyroid morphology during different reproductive events in female Indo‐Pacific bottlenose dolphins, Tursiops aduncus

Overexpression of estrogen receptor‐α in human papillary thyroid carcinomas studied by laser‐capture microdissection and molecular biology

Size of thyroid carcinoma by histotype and variants: A population-based study in a mildly iodine-deficient area

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