Effect of Evaporating Sea Spray on Heat Fluxes in a Marine Atmospheric Boundary Layer

Rastigejev, Yevgenii; Suslov, Sergey A.

doi:10.1175/jpo-d-18-0240.1

Cited by 10 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 56 publications

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“…This is consistent with the conceptual picture of Fairall et al. (1994) and the one‐dimensional modeling of Rastigejev and Suslov (2019). The differences in the thermodynamic profiles due to the presence of spray cases generally increases over time as spray injection continues (Figures 1f–1h) at all wind speeds, with the exception of the temperature profile for case L80, where the largest temperature difference occurs at 60 min and decreases thereafter (Figures 1b and 1f).…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 91%

Large‐Eddy Simulation of Sea Spray Impacts on Fluxes in the High‐Wind Boundary Layer

Richter

Wainwright

2023

Geophysical Research Letters

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Although there have been considerable improvements in forecasting the track of tropical cyclones (TCs) over the past several decades, intensity forecasts remain challenging and improvements have lagged behind (Rogers et al., 2006). One challenge is that the understanding of air-sea exchange in high-wind regimes remains limited due to the logistical difficulty of taking measurements in these conditions. Further complications arise from a lack of knowledge on how the presence of sea spray affects the air-sea fluxes, and how this varies with wind speed (Veron, 2015). Improving parameterizations of air-sea fluxes in numerical models is of particular importance for reducing uncertainty in intensity forecasts (Sroka & Emanuel, 2021).Key parameters in air-sea exchange are the surface drag coefficient (C D ) and surface enthalpy flux coefficient (C K ), which are known to factor into the maximum storm potential energy and the maximum tangential wind speed (Emanuel, 1995). In numerical weather prediction (NWP) models C D and C K (or the individual heat and moisture coefficients, C H and C E , often assumed to be equal to C K ) are typically parameterized as functions of the 10-m wind speed (U 10 ). At high winds beyond roughly 30 ms −1 , however, the behavior of these flux coefficients are highly uncertain (Richter et al., 2016), and almost certainly not solely a function of wind speed. One factor in particular that is central to our understanding of the transfer of heat and momentum at high wind speeds is the presence of spray droplets. Spray mediation of air-sea fluxes has been the subject of many previous investigations, including theoretical, observational, and numerical modeling approaches, and a comprehensive review on the subject can be found in Veron (2015) or Sroka and Emanuel (2021). Although many numerical modeling studies have investigated the impact of spray on air-sea fluxes, most of these studies have relied on bulk estimates in which the net effect of spray is parameterized rather than handled explicitly.Here we investigate the impact of sea spray on the transfer coefficients for momentum, heat, and moisture, by performing simulations using a large-eddy simulation (LES) code coupled with a Lagrangian microphysical model. Paired simulations are performed with and without the presence of spray, across a range of wind speeds up

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 91%

Large‐Eddy Simulation of Sea Spray Impacts on Fluxes in the High‐Wind Boundary Layer

Richter

Wainwright

2023

Geophysical Research Letters

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“…Sometimes referred to as a sandwich layer, sea spray can form a denser diphasic layer, damping the wave‐wind momentum flux and saturating the surface drag (Andreas, 2004; Fairall et al., 2009; Lighthill, 1999; Rastigejev et al., 2011; Soloviev & Lukas, 2010). Sea spray is also thought to modify air‐sea enthalpy fluxes through droplet evaporation and temperature changes (Fairall et al., 1994; Rastigejev & Suslov, 2019; Richter & Sullivan, 2014), earning the name of evaporation layer. The range of feedbacks are of increasing interest for the understanding of extreme weather events, such as tropical cyclones, typhoons (Andreas, 1992; Andreas & Emanuel, 2001; Bao et al., 2011; B. Zhao et al., 2017), and heavy rainfall events (Ramanathan et al., 2001).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Sea spray is also thought to modify air-sea enthalpy fluxes through droplet evaporation and temperature changes (Fairall et al, 1994;Richter & Sullivan, 2014;Rastigejev & Suslov, 2019), earning the name of evaporation layer. The range of feedbacks are of increasing interest for the understanding of extreme weather events, such as tropical cyclones, typhoons (Andreas, 1992;Andreas & Emanuel, 2001;Bao et al, 2011;B.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Atmospheric Sea Spray Modeling in the North‐East Atlantic Ocean Using Tunnel‐Derived Generation Functions and the SUMOS Cruise Data Set

et al. 2023

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This study contributes to the communal effort to improve understanding of sea spray generation and transport. For the first time, laboratory‐derived sea spray generation functions (SSGFs) are parameterized in the Meso‐NH mesoscale atmospheric model and are field tested. Formulated from the MATE19 laboratory experiments (Bruch et al., 2021) the two SSGFs are driven by the upwind component of the wave‐slope variance (herein B21A), or both and the wind friction velocity cubed (herein B21B). In this first attempt to incorporate the SSGFs in Meso‐NH, the simulations are run without a wave model, and the wave‐wind SSGFs are assumed wind‐dependent. Model evaluation is achieved with a new set of sea spray and meteorological measurements acquired over the 0.1–22.75 μm radius range and U10 1–20 m s‐1 wind speeds onboard R/V Atalante during the 25 day SUMOS field campaign in the Bay of Biscay. The B21B SSGF offers particularly good sensitivity to a wide range of environmental conditions over the size range, with an average overestimation by a factor 1.5 compared with measurements, well below the deviations reported elsewhere. B21A also performs well for larger droplets at wind speeds above 15 m s‐1. Associated with airflow separation and wave breaking, wave‐slope variance allows to represent multiple wave scales and to scale sea spray generation in the laboratory and the field. Using Meso‐NH simulations we find that sea spray may be transported inland and to altitudes well above the marine atmospheric boundary layer.

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“…Typhoons occur frequently in the Western Pacific Ocean (WP) [1], affecting energy exchange at the air-sea boundary layer [2,3] and leading to several secondary hazards, such as extreme waves [4,5], landslides, and heavy rains [6]. Binary typhoons, in which two storms of tropical cyclone intensity or more occur simultaneously, have also been recorded in the WP.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Study of Wave-Induced Effects on Sea Surface Temperature Simulations during Typhoon Events

Sun

Shao

et al. 2021

JMSE

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In this work, we investigate sea surface temperature (SST) cooling under binary typhoon conditions. We particularly focus on parallel- and cross-type typhoon paths during four typhoon events: Tembin and Bolaven in 2012, and Typhoon Chan-hom and Linfa in 2015. Wave-induced effects were simulated using a third-generation numeric model, WAVEWATCH III (WW3), and were subsequently included in SST simulations using the Stony Brook Parallel Ocean Model (sbPOM). Four wave-induced effects were analyzed: breaking waves, nonbreaking waves, radiation stress, and Stokes drift. Comparison of WW3-simulated significant wave height (SWH) data with measurements from the Jason-2 altimeter showed that the root mean square error (RMSE) was less than 0.6 m with a correlation (COR) of 0.9. When the four typhoon-wave-induced effects were included in sbPOM simulations, the simulated SSTs had an RMSE of 1 °C with a COR of 0.99 as compared to the Argos data. This was better than the RMSE and COR recovered between the measured and simulated SSTs, which were 1.4 °C and 0.96, respectively, when the four terms were not included. In particular, our results show that the effects of Stokes drift, as well as of nonbreaking waves, were an important factor in SST reduction during binary typhoons. The horizontal profile of the sbPOM-simulated SST for parallel-type typhoon paths (Typhoons Tembin and Bolaven) suggested that the observed finger pattern of SST cooling (up to 2 °C) was probably caused by drag from typhoon Tembin. SST was reduced by up to 4 °C for cross-type typhoon paths (Typhoons Chan-hom and Linfa). In general, mixing significantly increased when the four wave-induced effects were included. The vertical profile of SST indicated that disturbance depth increased (up to 100 m) for cross-type typhoon paths because the mixing intensity was greater for cross-type typhoons than for parallel-type typhoons.

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Effect of Evaporating Sea Spray on Heat Fluxes in a Marine Atmospheric Boundary Layer

Cited by 10 publications

References 56 publications

Large‐Eddy Simulation of Sea Spray Impacts on Fluxes in the High‐Wind Boundary Layer

Large‐Eddy Simulation of Sea Spray Impacts on Fluxes in the High‐Wind Boundary Layer

Atmospheric Sea Spray Modeling in the North‐East Atlantic Ocean Using Tunnel‐Derived Generation Functions and the SUMOS Cruise Data Set

A Study of Wave-Induced Effects on Sea Surface Temperature Simulations during Typhoon Events

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