Effect of evaporative weathering and oil-sediment interaction on the fate and behavior of diluted bitumen in marine environments. Part 2. The water accommodated and particle-laden hydrocarbon species and toxicity of the aqueous phase

Yang, Zeyu; Hua, Yujuan; Mirnaghi, Fatemeh S.; Hollebone, Bruce P.; Jackman, Paula; Brown, Carl E.; Yang, Chun; Shah, Keval; Landriault, Mike; Chan, B. K.

doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.10.033

Cited by 26 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…All water samples were spiked with surrogates and extracted with 50 mL of dichloromethane for 16 h on a continuous running roller apparatus. Concentration, column fractionation, and instrument analysis procedures for the detection of n-alkanes, APACs, and biomarkers used in the present study are described by Yang et al (2018).…”

Section: Water Column Samplesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Simulating a Spill of Diluted Bitumen: Environmental Weathering and Submergence in a Model Freshwater System

Stoyanovich

Yang

Hanson

et al. 2019

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

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The main petroleum product transported through pipelines in Canada is diluted bitumen (dilbit), a semiliquid form of heavy crude oil mixed with natural gas condensates to facilitate transport. The weathering, fate, behavior, and environmental effects of dilbit are crucial to consider when responding to a spill; however, few environmental studies on dilbit have been completed. We report on 11‐d‐long experimental spills of dilbit (Cold Lake Winter Blend) in outdoor microcosms meant to simulate a low‐energy aquatic system containing natural lake water and sediments treated with low (1:8000 oil:water) and high (1:800 oil:water) volumes of dilbit. In the first 24 h of the experiment, volatile hydrocarbons quickly evaporated from the dilbit, resulting in increased dilbit density and viscosity. These changes in dilbit's physical and chemical properties ultimately led to its submergence after 8 d. We also detected rapid accumulation of polycyclic aromatic compounds in the water column of the treated microcosms following the spills. The present study provides new information on the environmental fate and behavior of dilbit in a freshwater environment that will be critical to environmental risk assessments of proposed pipeline projects. In particular, the study demonstrates the propensity for dilbit to sink under ambient environmental conditions in freshwaters typical of many boreal lakes. Environ Toxicol Chem 2019;38:2621–2628. © 2019 SETAC

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Section: Water Column Samplesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Simulating a Spill of Diluted Bitumen: Environmental Weathering and Submergence in a Model Freshwater System

Stoyanovich

Yang

Hanson

et al. 2019

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

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“…Evaporative loss of light oil components 113 increases the density of the bulk oil, potentially allowing a portion to submerge or sink, 114 particularly in turbulent waters with high concentrations of suspended mineral fines which 115 adhere to dispersed oil droplets and form dense oil-mineral aggregates (Hua et al, 2018;King et 116 al., 2014;Stoyanovich et al, 2019). Because DB is much more viscous than CC, it is much less 117 responsive to chemical dispersant application, particularly after weathering has occurred to any 118 appreciable extent (Yang et al, 2018). There is a growing body of literature describing 119 investigations of appropriate spill response for DB (King et al, 2017), as well as the potential 120 effects of spills off the coast of British Columbia, Canada, where increased tanker traffic is anticipated given the expansion of the Trans Mountain Pipeline (Johannessen et al, 2020).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Numerous studies have investigated the bulk release of petroleum into water systems. Recent work by Yang et al investigated the aquatic behaviour of DB in the presence or absence of suspended sediments (Yang et al, 2018). Hounjet et al conducted a systematic study of DB and CC phase distributions in aquatic systems over a range of pH and salinity in which they reported that both DB and CC released more total oil content (alkanes) to the aqueous phase at lower salinity and higher pH (Hounjet et al, 2018).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Direct mass spectrometric analysis of naphthenic acids and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in waters impacted by diluted bitumen and conventional crude oil

Monaghan

Richards

Vandergrift

et al. 2021

Science of The Total Environment

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Highlights: 1. Constructed waters impacted by diluted bitumen (DB) and conventional crude (CC) across salinity and pH range. 2. Online membrane sampling coupled to direct mass spectrometry measures trace contaminants in water. 3. DB imparts higher concentrations of naphthenic acids with both oils exhibiting marked pH dependence. 4. CC imparts higher concentration of naphthalenes with no observable pH or salinity effects. 5. Mass spectral data is used to discriminate water impacted by DB and CC oils.

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“…A gas chromatography-mass detector (GC-MS) is commonly applied to acquire the chemical composition of bitumen, such as long-chain saturated hydrocarbons, polyaromatic hydrocarbons, etc. A gas chromatography-flame ionized detector (GC-FID) is usually used to quantify the amount of each type of hydrocarbon in bitumen (King et al, 2014;Yang et al, 2018b). For instance, King et al (2014) used both GC-MS and GC-FID to study the influence of weathering processes on bitumen's chemical composition in the marine environment.…”

Section: Weathering Processesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Diluted Bitumen: Physicochemical Properties, Weathering Processes, Emergency Response, and Recovery

Zhong

Lin

et al. 2022

Front. Environ. Sci.

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Bitumen, an unconventional crude oil, has received much attention with the increasing consumption and the shrinking storage of conventional crude oils. Bitumen is highly viscous and, thus, is commonly diluted for transportation purposes. Spills of diluted bitumen could occur during the transportation from reservoirs to refineries via pipeline, rail, and marine vessels. Although some laboratory and numerical modeling studies have been contributed to study the spill of diluted bitumen from different aspects, there is no systematic review in the field yet. Therefore, this study first conducted a review on different types of diluted bitumen based on their physicochemical properties, followed by their weathering processes including spreading, evaporation, emulsification, photooxidation, biodegradation, and sinking. Second, the numerical modeling on the fate and behavior of spilled diluted bitumen was summarized and analyzed. Finally, the techniques for spilled oil recovery were discussed, as well as the disposal/treatment of oily waste. Currently, a rare attempt has been made to turn the recovered oily waste into wealth (reutilization/valorization of oily waste). Using the recovered oily waste as the feedstock/processing medium for an emerging thermochemical conversion technique (hydrothermal liquefaction of biomass for crude bio-oil production) is highly recommended. Overall, this article summarized the state-of-the-art knowledge of the spill of diluted bitumen, with the hope to create a deep and systematic understanding on the spill of diluted bitumen for researchers, relevant companies, and decision makers.

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Effect of evaporative weathering and oil-sediment interaction on the fate and behavior of diluted bitumen in marine environments. Part 2. The water accommodated and particle-laden hydrocarbon species and toxicity of the aqueous phase

Cited by 26 publications

References 27 publications

Simulating a Spill of Diluted Bitumen: Environmental Weathering and Submergence in a Model Freshwater System

Simulating a Spill of Diluted Bitumen: Environmental Weathering and Submergence in a Model Freshwater System

Direct mass spectrometric analysis of naphthenic acids and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in waters impacted by diluted bitumen and conventional crude oil

Diluted Bitumen: Physicochemical Properties, Weathering Processes, Emergency Response, and Recovery

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