Effect of Exercise (Running) on Serum Glucose, Insulin, Glucagon, and Chromium Excretion

Abstract

Chromium is involved in normal glucose metabolism. To test whether chromium is also associated with the exercise-induced increases in glucose utilization, urinary chromium excretion, serum glucose, insulin, and glucagon of nine male runners (23-46 yr) were evaluated. Blood samples were taken prior to, immediately following, and 2 h after a strenuous 6-mile run. Urine samples were also taken at these times, and total daily urine collections were made the day of the run and the following day. Mean serum glucose for all runners immediately after running was 185 +/- 19 mg/dl compared with 90 +/- 1 mg/dl (mean +/- SE) prior to running. Mean serum glucagon immediately after running was significantly elevated compared with that observed prior to or 2 h after running; serum insulin levels were not altered significantly. Mean urinary chromium concentration was increased nearly five-fold 2 h after running; similar results were obtained when chromium concentration was expressed per mg of creatinine. Total daily urinary Cr excretion was approximately two times higher the day of running compared with the following nonrun day. Daily urinary excretion of sodium, potassium, and calcium were measured to determine if exercise had a general nonspecific effect on renal function; daily urinary excretion of these was not changed by exercise. These data demonstrate that accompanying the exercise-induced changes associated with increased glucose utilization, there is a significant increase in chromium excretion.

Realising the Potential of Urine and Saliva as Diagnostic Tools in Sport and Exercise Medicine

“…Urinary creatinine has been demonstrated to increase by as much as 50-100 % following a strenuous 6-mile run, 100-km marathon, and 70-90-km cross country ski race [252][253][254]. It is difficult to ascertain whether observed changes in a selected analyte are negatively affected by this change.…”

“…Moreover, urine also provides a reliable diagnostic medium for the assessment of hydration through creatinine [254,297] and SG [26] from endurance exercise to body-building resistance training, as well as showing promise as a medium for the detection of exercise- neopterin, NT-proBNP N-terminal prohormone of brain natriuretic peptide, ra receptor antagonist, S100B S100 calcium binding protein B, Sig.…”

The trail of chromium(III) in vivo from the blood to the urine: the roles of transferrin and chromodulin

“…Another band of intermediate molecular weight also appears (centered at approximately fraction 73); the identity of this band will be the subject of future studies, but it could represent a degradation product of transferrin. Numerous studies have demonstrated that chromium is released in urine within 90 min of a dietary stress such as high sugar intake [6,7,43,44,45,46]. Morris et al [4] have shown that chromium release in response to sugar intake is actually the result of increased blood insulin concentrations (that are produced in response to increasing sugar levels in the blood).…”

A comparison of the insulin-sensitive transport of chromium in healthy and model diabetic rats

“…In the first two years of the onset of diabetes, plasma Cr levels inversely correlated with plasma glucose concentrations, but this trend disappeared for patients with the disease for longer duration. In healthy individuals, increased urinary Cr output and decreased serum Cr levels have been observed in response to increases in serum glucose or insulin [5][6][7][8][9][10].…”