Effect of Exogenous Electric Stimulation on the Cardiac Tissue Function In Situ Monitored by Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy

Abstract

Cardiac tissue is sensitive to and can be easily damaged by exogenous electric stimulation. However, due to the thermal−electric coeffect and the limitation of in situ and quantitative information on the cardiac tissue function under electric stimulation, the detailed effect and the underlying mechanism of exogenous electric stimulation on the cardiac tissue remain elusive. To address this, in this work, we first constructed an in vitro cardiac tissue model and established a thermal−electric coupled theoretical model for simulating the electric field and temperature distributions around the cardiac tissue, from which we selected the electric field strengths (1.19, 2.37, and 3.39 kV cm −1 ) and electrical energies (0.001, 0.005, and 0.011 J) for electric stimulations without inducing a thermal effect. Then, we applied electric field stimulations on the cardiac tissue using these parameters and scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) to in situ and quantitatively monitor the dynamic changes in the key parameters of the cardiac tissue function, including respiratory activity, membrane permeability, and contraction frequency, after electric field stimulations. The SECM results showed that the oxygen consumption, cell membrane permeability coefficient, and contraction frequency of the cardiac tissue were strongly dependent on electrical energy, especially when the electrical energy was higher than 0.001 J. Our work, for the first time, achieves the in situ and quantitative monitoring of the cardiac tissue function under electric stimulation using SECM, which would provide important references for designing an electric stimulation regime for cardiac tissue engineering and clinical application of electrotherapy.

Investigating the Role of Extracellular Matrix Stiffness in Modulating the Ferroptosis Process in Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells via Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy

“…The geometric model was divided into two domains with a cell membrane as the boundary (Figure S2). Fick’s second law (eqs () and ()) governs the [Ru­(NH 3 ) 6 ]­Cl 3 diffusion in the geometric model. where C B and C C represent the [Ru­(NH 3 ) 6 ]­Cl 3 concentrations in bulk solution and cell interior, respectively, r and z are the coordinates in the model, t is the time, and D is the diffusion coefficient of [Ru­(NH 3 ) 6 ]­Cl 3 in L-15 culture at 37 °C ( D = 1.31 × 10 –5 cm 2 s –1 ) …”

“…where C B and C C represent the [Ru(NH 3 ) 6 ]Cl 3 concentrations in bulk solution and cell interior, respectively, r and z are the coordinates in the model, t is the time, and D is the diffusion coefficient of [Ru(NH 3 ) 6 ]Cl 3 in L-15 culture at 37 °C (D = 1.31 × 10 −5 cm 2 s −1 ). 25 The velocity of [Ru(NH 3 ) 6 ]Cl 3 , which passes through the cell membrane, is set as the permeability coefficient (P m ) (eqs ( 3) and ( 4)).…”

Bioelectricity in dental medicine: a narrative review

“…Only a few studies have explored continuous stimulation using low-magnitude capacitive or inductive electrical fields [ 194 , 195 ]. Functional and molecular alterations can typically be observed as early as 3 days after EStim initiation [ 196 , 197 ], while the histological changes often require a more extended timeframe [ 195 , 198 ]. In conclusion, the intensity of stimulation is depended to EStim types, magnitudes and durations, and the optical intensity may largely vary depending on the target tissue.…”