Effect of Extracellular Slime Substance From Staphylococcus Epidermidis on the Human Cellular Immune Response

Gray, Ernest D.; Verstegen, Marjorie; Peters, Georg; Regelmann, Warren E.

doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(84)90413-6

Cited by 259 publications

(105 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…It is possible that carriage may also be explained by the formation of a mature biofilm. Biofilms are consistent with carriage in that they protect bacterial cells from antibiotic therapy and impede the host immune system from recognizing the presence of infection (14). Although this study cannot address the issue of carriage directly, there was no advantage in excluding carriers for the purpose of the study.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 93%

Biofilm Formation by Group A Streptococci: Is There a Relationship with Treatment Failure?

Conley¹,

Olson²,

Cook³

et al. 2003

J Clin Microbiol

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Group A streptococcus (GAS) is the primary cause of bacterial pharyngitis in children and adults. Up to one-third of patients treated for GAS pharyngitis fail to respond to antibiotic therapy. The objective of this cohort study was to evaluate GAS biofilm formation as a mechanism for antibiotic treatment failure using previously collected GAS isolates and penicillin treatment outcome data. The minimum biofilm eradication concentration (MBEC) assay device was used to determine the biofilm-forming capabilities, efficiencies, and antibiotic susceptibilities of GAS isolates. The MBECs and MICs of several antibiotics for GAS were determined. All 99 GAS isolates available for this study formed biofilms, with various efficiencies. Antibiotic MBECs were consistently higher than MICs for all of the GAS isolates. MBECs indicated penicillin insensitivity in 60% of GAS isolates, producing the first report of in vitro GAS insensitivity to penicillin. Using MBECs to predict penicillin treatment failure had better sensitivity (56%) but lower specificity (36%) than the sensitivity (0%) and specificity (100%) when MICs were used. However, the positive predictive value of the MBEC was superior to that of the MIC (56 versus 0%), while the negative predictive values (42 and 47%) were similar. More studies are needed to understand the roles of biofilms and the MBEC assay in predicting GAS treatment failure. In addition, further investigations are necessary to determine if non-biofilm-forming strains of GAS exist and the roles of in vivo monospecies and multispecies biofilms in streptococcal pharyngitis treatment failure.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 93%

Biofilm Formation by Group A Streptococci: Is There a Relationship with Treatment Failure?

Conley¹,

Olson²,

Cook³

et al. 2003

J Clin Microbiol

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“…The receptor-mediated adherence is believed to be the first major step in the development of UTI. A major surface protein (Ssp) of S. saprophyticus that may be involved in interactions of this species with eukaryotic cells has been identified recently (98 (111). More recently, it has been shown that ESS (or glycocalyx) preparations from S. epidennidis and S. lugdunensis do not have a direct inhibitory effect on T-cell proliferation, but rather directly stimulate monocyte production of prostaglandin E2, and that it is this activity that in turn contributes to the inhibition of T-lymphocyte proliferation (288).…”

Section: Conventional Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Update on clinical significance of coagulase-negative staphylococci

1994

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The clinical significance of coagulase-negative Staphylococcus species (CNS) continues to increase as strategies in medical practice lead to more invasive procedures. Hospitalized patients that are immunocompromised and/or suffering from chronic diseases are the most vulnerable to infection. Since CNS are widespread on the human body and are capable of producing very large populations, distinguishing the etiologic agent(s) from contaminating flora is a serious challenge. For this reason, culture identification should proceed to the species and strain levels. A much stronger case can be made for the identification of a CNS etiologic agent if the same strain is repeatedly isolated from a series of specimens as opposed to the isolation of different strains of one or more species. Strain identity initially can be based on colony morphology, and then one or more molecular approaches can be used to gain information on the genotype. Many of the CNS species are commonly resistant to antibiotics that are being indicated for staphylococcal infections, with the exception of vancomycin. The widespread use of antibiotics in hospitals has provided a reservoir of antibiotic-resistant genes. The main focus on mechanisms of pathogenesis has been with foreign body infections and the role of specific adhesins and slime produced by Staphylococcus epidermidis. Slime can reduce the immune response and opsonophagocytosis, thereby interfering with host defense mechanisms. As we become more aware of the various strategies used by CNS, we will be in a better position to compromise their defense mechanisms and improve treatment.

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“…Also, coagulasenegative staphylococci adhere to polymer surfaces more readily than do other pathogens (e.g., Escherichia coli or S. aureus). Additionally, certain strains of coagulase-negative staphylococci produce an extracellular polysaccharide often referred to as "slime" [35,36]. In the presence of catheters, this slime potentiates the pathogenicity of coagulase-negative staphylococci by allowing them to withstand host defense mechanisms (e.g., acting as a barrier to engulfment and killing by polymorphonuclear leukocytes) or by making them less susceptible to antimicrobial agents (e.g., forming a matrix that binds antimicrobials before their contact with the organism cell wall) [37].…”

Section: Pathogenesismentioning

confidence: 99%

Guidelines for the prevention of intravascular catheter-related infections

O’Grady¹,

Alexander²,

Dellinger³

et al. 2002

American Journal of Infection Control

636

843

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These guidelines have been developed for practitioners who insert catheters and for persons responsible for surveillance and control of infections in hospital, outpatient, and home health-care settings. This report was prepared by a working group comprising members from professional organizations representing the disciplines of critical care medicine, infectious diseases, health-care infection control, surgery, anesthesiology, interventional radiology, pulmonary medicine, pediatric medicine, and nursing. The These guidelines are intended to provide evidencebased recommendations for preventing catheter-related infections. Major areas of emphasis include 1) educating and training health-care providers who insert and maintain catheters; 2) using maximal sterile barrier precautions during central venous catheter insertion; 3) using a 2% chlorhexidine preparation for skin antisepsis; 4) avoiding routine replacement of central venous catheters as a strategy to prevent infection; and 5) using antiseptic/antibiotic impregnated short-term central venous catheters if the rate of infection is high despite adherence to other strategies (i.e., education and training, maximal sterile barrier precautions, and 2% chlorhexidine for skin antisepsis). These guidelines also identify performance indicators that can be used locally by health-care institutions or organizations to monitor their success in implementing these evidence-based recommendations.

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Effect of Extracellular Slime Substance From Staphylococcus Epidermidis on the Human Cellular Immune Response

Cited by 259 publications

References 16 publications

Biofilm Formation by Group A Streptococci: Is There a Relationship with Treatment Failure?

Biofilm Formation by Group A Streptococci: Is There a Relationship with Treatment Failure?

Update on clinical significance of coagulase-negative staphylococci

Guidelines for the prevention of intravascular catheter-related infections

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