Effect of Eye Contact and Distance on the Verbal Reinforcement of Attitude

Goldman, Morton

doi:10.1080/00224545.1980.9924274

Cited by 12 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…Snyder, Grether, & Keller, 1974), pedestrians were more likely to help a gazing experimenter pick up dropped coins (Valentine, 1980) and dropped questionnaires (Goldman & Fordyce, 1983), and bystanders were more likely to help an injured gazing jogger (Shotland & Johnson, 1978). Research participants were more willing to change their attitude expression when they received social reinforcement from a gazing rather than nongazing interviewer (Goldman, 1980).…”

Section: Functional Classificationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gaze and eye contact: A research review.

Kleinke¹

1986

Psychological Bulletin

1,219

809

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Research on gaze and eye contact was organized within the framework of Patterson's (1982) sequential functional model of nonverbal exchange. Studies were reviewed showing how gaze functions to (a) provide information, (b) regulate interaction, (c) express intimacy, (d) exercise social control, and (e) facilitate service and task goals. Research was also summarized that describes personal, experiential, relational, and situational antecedents of gaze and reactions to gaze. Directions were given for a functional analysis of the relation between gaze and physiological responses. Attribution theories were integrated into the sequential model for making predictions about people's perceptions of their own gazing behavior and the gazing behavior of others. Data on people's accuracy in reporting their own and others' gaze were presented and integrated with related findings in attribution research. The sequential model was used to analyze research studies measuring the interaction between gaze and personal and contextual variables. Methodological and measurement issues were discussed and directions were outlined for future research. These lovely lamps, these windows of the soul. (Du Bartas) 1 The eyes have one language everywhere. (George Herbert) There are often voice and words in a silent look. (Ovid) For eyes can speak and eyes can understand. (Chapman)

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Section: Functional Classificationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gaze and eye contact: A research review.

Kleinke¹

1986

Psychological Bulletin

1,219

809

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“…Hall (1969) has identified four interpersonal distance zones characteristic of U.S. culture: intimate, from contact to 18 inches; personal, from 1.5 to 4 feet; social, from 4 to 12 feet; and public (lectures and speeches), at greater than 12 feet. In this society, individuals seem to become more uncomfortable when others stand too close, rather than too far away (Goldman, 1980). The feelings and reactions associated with a violation of personal space may range from flight or withdrawal to anger or conflict (Baron & Needel, 1980; Pearson, 1985).…”

Section: Communication Stylesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Culture-specific strategies in counseling: A conceptual framework.

Sue¹

1990

Professional Psychology: Research and Practice

101

104

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The author addresses the need to develop culture-specific strategies in working with racial-ethnic minorities. Conceptual frameworks providing a rationale for such recommendations have not been well elucidated. A review of the literature revealed 3 major domains from which such justifications can be drawn: (a) culture-bound communications styles, (b) sociopolitical facets of nonverbal communication, and (c) counseling as a subset of communication style or temporary cultures. Implications for counselor practice, training, and research are discussed.Increasingly, mental health practitioners and researchers have begun to turn their attention to the development of culture-specific strategies in counseling and psychotherapy. Much of this interest is due to findings that Asian Americans, Blacks,

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“…A wealth of research confirms that the dynamics of head orientation and gaze contain critical information that determines in many ways a perceiver's behavior and the course a communication takes. Social gaze is a disambiguating cue in referential communication ( Hanna & Brennan, 2007 ); informs social bonding, trust building, and rapport ( Wolf, Launay, & Dunbar, 2016 ); moderates the perception of facial expressions of emotion ( Adams Jr & Kleck, 2005 ); provides signals to negotiate turn taking ( Duncan, 1972 ); affects the efficiency of both verbal and nonverbal communication between social partners in many other ways (e.g., Goldman, 1980 ); and elicits direct and immediate, inescapable affective responses ( Hietanen, 2018 ). Kleinke (1986) , in a very comprehensive review, provides many more examples that illustrate the richness of mutual gaze behavior and the various functions it serves in communication and social interaction.…”

Section: The Dynamics Of Mutual Gazementioning

confidence: 99%

Depth from motion parallax: Deictic consistency, eye contact, and a serious problem with Zoom

Troje

2023

Journal of Vision

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The dynamics of head and eye gaze between two or more individuals displayed during verbal and nonverbal face-to-face communication contains a wealth of information and is used for both volitionary and unconscious signaling. Current video communication systems convey visual signals about gaze behavior and other directional cues, but the information they carry is often spurious and potentially misleading. I discuss the consequences of this situation, identify the source of the problem as a more general lack of deictic consistency, and demonstrate that using display technologies that simulate motion parallax are both necessary and sufficient to alleviate it. I then devise an avatar-based remote communication solution that achieves deictic consistency and provides natural, dynamic eye contact for computer-mediated audiovisual communication.

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Effect of Eye Contact and Distance on the Verbal Reinforcement of Attitude

Cited by 12 publications

References 12 publications

Gaze and eye contact: A research review.

Gaze and eye contact: A research review.

Culture-specific strategies in counseling: A conceptual framework.

Depth from motion parallax: Deictic consistency, eye contact, and a serious problem with Zoom

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