Effect of fat adaptation and carbohydrate restoration on metabolism and performance during prolonged cycling

Burke, Louise M.; Angus, Damien J.; Cox, Gregory R.; Cummings, Nicola K.; Febbraio, Mark A.; Gawthorn, K M; Hawley, John A.; Minehan, Michelle; Martin, David T.; Hargreaves, Mark

doi:10.1152/jappl.2000.89.6.2413

Cited by 157 publications

(181 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…This CHO restoration fully normalized glycogen levels and, most likely, liver stores, (3,5,6,38) and abolished the increased plasma FFA concentrations reported after chronic high-fat diets (3, 5, 6). The residual effect of the high-fat diet in these studies may be due to the well-trained status of the subjects coupled with the maintenance of a high volume of aerobic exercise during the 5-day high-fat diet protocol (6, 11).…”

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confidence: 83%

Decreased PDH activation and glycogenolysis during exercise following fat adaptation with carbohydrate restoration

Stellingwerff¹,

Spriet²,

Watt³

et al. 2006

American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism

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. Decreased PDH activation and glycogenolysis during exercise following fat adaptation with carbohydrate restoration. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 290: E380 -E388, 2006. First published September 27, 2005 doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00268.2005.-Five days of a high-fat diet while training, followed by 1 day of carbohydrate (CHO) restoration, increases rates of whole body fat oxidation and decreases CHO oxidation during aerobic cycling. The mechanisms responsible for these shifts in fuel oxidation are unknown but involve up-and downregulation of key regulatory enzymes in the pathways of skeletal muscle fat and CHO metabolism, respectively. This study measured muscle PDH and HSL activities before and after 20 min of cycling at 70% V O2 peak and 1 min of sprinting at 150% peak power output (PPO). Estimations of muscle glycogenolysis were made during the initial minute of exercise at 70% V O2 peak and during the 1-min sprint. Seven male cyclists undertook this exercise protocol on two occasions. For 5 days, subjects consumed in random order either a high-CHO (HCHO) diet (10.3 g⅐kg Ϫ1 ⅐day Ϫ1 CHO, or ϳ70% of total energy intake) or an isoenergetic high-fat (FAT-adapt) diet (4.6 g⅐kg Ϫ1 ⅐day Ϫ1 FAT, or 67% of total energy) while undertaking supervised aerobic endurance training. On day 6 for both treatments, subjects ingested an HCHO diet and rested before their experimental trials on day 7. This CHO restoration resulted in similar resting glycogen contents (FAT-adapt 873 Ϯ 121 vs. HCHO 868 Ϯ 120 mol glucosyl units/g dry wt). However, the respiratory exchange ratio was lower during cycling at 70% V O2 peak in the FAT-adapt trial, which resulted in an ϳ45% increase and an ϳ30% decrease in fat and CHO oxidation, respectively. PDH activity was lower at rest and throughout exercise at 70% V O2 peak (1.69 Ϯ 0.25 vs. 2.39 Ϯ 0.19 mmol⅐kg wet wt Ϫ1 ⅐min Ϫ1) and the 1-min sprint in the FAT-adapt vs. the HCHO trial. Estimates of glycogenolysis during the 1st min of exercise at 70% V O2 peak and the 1-min sprint were also lower after FAT-adapt (9.1 Ϯ 1.1 vs. 13.4 Ϯ 2.1 and 37.3 Ϯ 5.1 vs. 50.5 Ϯ 2.7 glucosyl units⅐kg dry wt Ϫ1 ⅐min Ϫ1). HSL activity was ϳ20% higher (P ϭ 0.12) during exercise at 70% V O2 peak after FAT-adapt. Results indicate that previously reported decreases in whole body CHO oxidation and increases in fat oxidation after the FAT-adapt protocol are a function of metabolic changes within skeletal muscle. The metabolic signals responsible for the shift in muscle substrate use during cycling at 70% V O2 peak remain unclear, but lower accumulation of free ADP and AMP after the FAT-adapt trial may be responsible for the decreased glycogenolysis and PDH activation during sprinting. skeletal muscle metabolism; pyruvate dehydrogenase; substrate phosphorylation; fat oxidation; carbohydrate oxidation THERE HAS BEEN MUCH INTEREST in the metabolic adaptations that occur in skeletal muscle following a high-fat diet to increase rates of whole body fat oxidation and decrease rates of carbohydrate (CHO) oxidation. It is well establish...

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confidence: 83%

Decreased PDH activation and glycogenolysis during exercise following fat adaptation with carbohydrate restoration

Stellingwerff¹,

Spriet²,

Watt³

et al. 2006

American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism

Self Cite

158

151

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“…By analogy, fatty acid infusion elevates the input of free fatty acids (FFAs) in the energy substrate mix fueling muscle contractions (22, 48a, 49). Furthermore, chronic exposure to a high-fat diet (HFD) also enhances the use of FFAs in endurance exercise (8,9,25,29,(32)(33)(34)58). This is, at least partly, due to upregulation of rate-limiting steps in fat metabolic pathways.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…skeletal muscle; fasted exercise; fat-rich feeding; energy substrate metabolism; muscle lipids IT IS WELL ESTABLISHED THAT dietary factors play an important role in modulating the acute and chronic metabolic responses to endurance exercise (30). In this regard, increased preexercise dietary fat supply stimulates energy provision via fat oxidation during exercise (8,33). By analogy, fatty acid infusion elevates the input of free fatty acids (FFAs) in the energy substrate mix fueling muscle contractions (22, 48a, 49).…”

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confidence: 99%

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High-fat diet overrules the effects of training on fiber-specific intramyocellular lipid utilization during exercise

Proeyen

Szlufcik

Nielens

et al. 2011

Journal of Applied Physiology

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Van Proeyen K, Szlufcik K, Nielens H, Deldicque L, Van Dyck R, Ramaekers M, Hespel P. High-fat diet overrules the effects of training on fiber-specific intramyocellular lipid utilization during exercise. J Appl Physiol 111: 108 -116, 2011. First published May 5, 2011 doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.01459.2010In this study, we compared the effects of endurance training in the fasted state (F) vs. the fed state [ample carbohydrate intake (CHO)] on exercise-induced intramyocellular lipid (IMCL) and glycogen utilization during a 6-wk period of a hypercaloric (ϳϩ30% kcal/day) fat-rich diet (HFD; 50% of kcal). Healthy male volunteers (18 -25 yrs) received a HFD in conjunction with endurance training (four times, 60 -90 min/wk) either in F (n ϭ 10) or with CHO before and during exercise sessions (n ϭ 10). The control group (n ϭ 7) received a HFD without training and increased body weight by ϳ3 kg (P Ͻ 0.001). Before and after a HFD, the subjects performed a 2-h constant-load bicycle exercise test in F at ϳ70% maximal oxygen uptake rate. A HFD, both in the absence (F) or presence (CHO) of training, elevated basal IMCL content by ϳ50% in type I and by ϳ75% in type IIa fibers (P Ͻ 0.05). Independent of training in F or CHO, a HFD, as such, stimulated exercise-induced net IMCL breakdown by approximately twofold in type I and by approximately fourfold in type IIa fibers. Furthermore, exercise-induced net muscle glycogen breakdown was not significantly affected by a HFD. It is concluded that a HFD stimulates net IMCL degradation by increasing basal IMCL content during exercise in type I and especially IIa fibers. Furthermore, a hypercaloric HFD provides adequate amounts of carbohydrates to maintain high muscle glycogen content during training and does not impair exercise-induced muscle glycogen breakdown. skeletal muscle; fasted exercise; fat-rich feeding; energy substrate metabolism; muscle lipids IT IS WELL ESTABLISHED THAT dietary factors play an important role in modulating the acute and chronic metabolic responses to endurance exercise (30). In this regard, increased preexercise dietary fat supply stimulates energy provision via fat oxidation during exercise (8,33). By analogy, fatty acid infusion elevates the input of free fatty acids (FFAs) in the energy substrate mix fueling muscle contractions (22, 48a, 49). Furthermore, chronic exposure to a high-fat diet (HFD) also enhances the use of FFAs in endurance exercise (8,9,25,29,(32)(33)(34)58). This is, at least partly, due to upregulation of rate-limiting steps in fat metabolic pathways. Thus FFA oxidation can be stimulated with appropriate chronic exercise and/or nutrition (e.g., HFD), which upregulates pivotal steps in FFA catabolism such as fatty acid translocase (FAT)/CD36 (4, 9), ␤-hydroxyacyl CoA dehydrogenase (␤-HAD) (9, 31), and hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL) (58). However, it is still unclear whether these adaptations are specifically due to the increased FFA supply per se or result from decreased glucose availability. Omission of glucose ingestion during exercise a...

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“…Moreover, post-exercise plasma glycerol concentration, commonly reported as an indicator of whole body lipolysis (4,20), was markedly higher in the HF trial than in the CON trial (Table 2). On the other hand, post-exercise serum FFA concentration, as an indicator of plasma fatty acid oxidation (21), was not different between trials.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Impact of Intensive High-Fat Ingestion in the Early Stage of Recovery from Exercise Training on Substrate Metabolism during Exercise in Humans

Ichinose

Arai

Nagasaka

et al. 2012

J Nutr Sci Vitaminol

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354Muscle glycogen depletion and/or hypoglycemia during exercise are closely associated with fatigue, and so increasing body carbohydrate (CHO) stores before exercise and/or suppressing CHO oxidation during exercise are both essential for improving endurance performance (1,2).Recently, a simple and/or practical method of ingesting an adequate amount of CHO for a few days before competition has been recommended to effectively increase body CHO stores, in contrast to the classic 1-wk glycogen-loading regimen accompanied by exhausting exercise and/or ingestion of an extremely low-CHO diet for depleting body CHO stores (3). On the other hand, it has been demonstrated that ingestion of a high-fat, low-CHO diet throughout the recovery period after exercise training (ET) increased muscle triglyceride (TG) stores, thereby enhancing whole body lipolysis and/or fat oxidation during exercise, compared with an isoenergetic high-CHO, low-fat diet (4). In general, before a competition, endurance athletes gradually change ET at high intensity to ET at moderate intensity, at which a large amount of muscle TG is utilized as an important energy source (5, 6); therefore, ingestion of not only CHO but also fat until the day before exercise would be important to elicit a CHO-sparing effect during exercise by maintaining a higher muscle TG level.TG uptake from the circulation to various tissues is highly related to lipoprotein lipase (LPL), which hydrolyzes TG in circulating chylomicrons and/or very low density lipoproteins, making free fatty acid (FFA) available for uptake by various tissues (7). It has been reported that ET increased muscle LPL activity (8,9), and that insulin increased adipose tissue LPL activity (10), whereas it decreased muscle LPL activity (11), suggesting that elevating blood TG concentration with little effect of insulin after ET is effective for accelerating TG uptake into muscles. Since muscle glycogen stores were effi ciently replenished if CHO was ingested as soon as possible after ET (12), CHO ingestion has been considered to be the fi rst priority in the early stage of recovery from ET. On the other hand, experimentally, blood TG concentration reached a peak around 4 h after ingestion of a high-fat diet (13), and blood insulin concentration reached a peak within 1 h after ingestion of a CHO-containing diet and then returned to the baseline about 4 h later (12). Although the negative effect of insulin on muscle LPL activity cannot be completely excluded, ingestion of a CHO-containing diet supplemented with high fat in the early stage of recovery from ET would not only replenish body CHO stores but also effectively increase muscle TG stores by making use of the time lag between blood insulin and TG responses. It was reported that ingestion of a high-fat, low-CHO diet for several days increased not only fat oxidation, but also heart rate (HR), rating of perceived exertion (RPE), and sympathetic activation during exercise, compared Summary Not only increasing body carbohydrate (CHO) stores before exercise b...

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Effect of fat adaptation and carbohydrate restoration on metabolism and performance during prolonged cycling

Cited by 157 publications

References 26 publications

Decreased PDH activation and glycogenolysis during exercise following fat adaptation with carbohydrate restoration

Decreased PDH activation and glycogenolysis during exercise following fat adaptation with carbohydrate restoration

High-fat diet overrules the effects of training on fiber-specific intramyocellular lipid utilization during exercise

Impact of Intensive High-Fat Ingestion in the Early Stage of Recovery from Exercise Training on Substrate Metabolism during Exercise in Humans

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